CHAPTER 1   AUTOMOTIVE BASICS
1.1   Principal Components  主要構(gòu)成零部件
Today's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.  現(xiàn)在，一般汽車由大約一萬五千多個獨立的零部件組成。這些部件分為四大類，即發(fā)動機（引擎系統(tǒng)），車身，底盤和電氣設(shè)備。

1.5   Electrical   Equipment  電氣設(shè)備
The electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.
電氣設(shè)備為汽車點火、喇叭、車燈、發(fā)熱器和啟動器提供電力。通過循環(huán)充電來維持電量。

 

New Words
Principal component   主要部件
category   種類，類型
body   車身
chassis   底盤
layout   布置
power unit   動力裝置
internal combustion engine   內(nèi)燃機
cylinder   汽缸
gasoline   汽油
spark   火花
ignition   點燃，點火
diesel   柴油機
compression   壓縮
shaft   軸
transmission   傳動系
sheet metal   金屬板
shell   外殼
hood   （發(fā)動機）罩
trunk deck   行李艙蓋
cargo   貨物
styling   樣式
assembly   總成，裝配
suspension   懸掛，懸置
shock   沖擊
steering   轉(zhuǎn)向，操縱
brake   剎車，制動器
clutch   離合器
gearbox   變速器
driveshaft   傳動軸
final drive   主減速器，后橋
differential   差速器
slow down   （使）慢下來，減速
horn   喇叭
starter   起動機
charge   充電
alternator   交流發(fā)電機

Review Questions

1.      List the main parts of an automobile?

2.      What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?

3.      Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?

4.      Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?

CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 內(nèi)燃發(fā)動機

2.1 principle of operation 發(fā)動機的工作原理/操作原理

2.1.1 Engine and power  發(fā)動機與能量

  Engine is used to produce power.

發(fā)動機產(chǎn)生動能。

The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber, the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. 汽油燃料通過受控速度的燃燒講自身的化學能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。這個過程稱作燃燒。如果發(fā)動機的內(nèi)燃在燃料室中發(fā)上，發(fā)動機被稱作內(nèi)燃發(fā)動機。如果內(nèi)燃發(fā)生在汽缸外，發(fā)動機則被稱作外燃發(fā)動機。

  Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. 汽車的發(fā)動機是內(nèi)燃發(fā)動機。

 

Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 燃燒汽缸中釋放的熱能將汽缸內(nèi)的內(nèi)燃其他溫度升高。氣體溫度的升高導致其他壓強增大。汽缸內(nèi)的壓強不斷產(chǎn)生以用于活塞頭產(chǎn)生可用的機械動力，隨后轉(zhuǎn)變成為有用的機械動能。

2.1.2 Engine Terms  發(fā)動機術(shù)語

  Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.

連動桿將汽缸活塞與機軸聯(lián)接起來，這種連接促使氣體

The power stroke “uses up” the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :

  TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.  上止點

  BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. 下止點

  Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. 沖程

  Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. 內(nèi)孔（汽缸的內(nèi)直徑）

  Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 活塞排量

  Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of50cm. 發(fā)動機容積

  Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.  汽缸余隙容積

  Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)  壓縮率

  Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. 二沖程–曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)一圈作功一次。

  Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank.四沖程-曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)兩圈作功一次。

 

2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle 

   The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.

   The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.

The operating strokes are :

 

This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created. 
During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.

Compression stroke
As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.

Power stroke
Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.
The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.

Exhaust stroke
Just before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.
Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.

2.1.4  Engine Overall Mechanics

   The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.

NEW WORD

Piston                 活塞

Connecting rod         連桿

Crankshaft             曲軸

Power stoke            活塞行程

Expel                 排出

Valve                 氣閥

inlet(intake) valve       進氣閥

exhaust valve           排氣閥

term                  術(shù)語

TDC                  上止點

BDC                  下止點

Bore                   缸徑

swept volume            有效容積

engine capacity           發(fā)動機排量

clearance volume          余隙容積,燃燒室容積

compression ratio          壓縮比

revolution               旋轉(zhuǎn),轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)

every other              每隔一個

cycle                   循環(huán)

spread over              分布,遍及

intake stroke             進氣行程             

compression stroke        壓縮行程

knock                   敲缸,敲打

exhaust stroke            排氣行程

engine block             發(fā)動機缸體

lubrication               潤滑

2.2  Engine Block and Cylinder Head

2.2.1   Engine Block
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.
2.2.2   Cylinder Head
The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.
2.2.3   Gasket
The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.
2.2.4   Oil Pan or Sump
The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.
New Words
engine block   缸體
cylinder head   氣缸蓋
fasten   使固定
water jacket   水套
oil gallery   油道
camshaft   凸輪軸
overhead-cam(OHC)   頂置凸輪
gray iron   灰鑄鐵
alloy   合金
nickel   鎳
chromium   鉻
casting   鑄件
head cover   汽缸蓋罩
intake manifold   進氣總管
distributor   分電器
oil pan   油底殼
aluminum   鋁
be lined with   鑲有
cylinder sleeve   氣缸套
hemi   半球形
wedge   楔型，楔入
semi-hemi   準半球形
rocker   搖臂
push-rod   推桿
gasket   襯墊
high-tensile   高強度的
stud   螺栓
gas-tight   密封的
asbestos   石棉
crankcase   曲軸箱，曲柄箱
encase   封閉，把…包起來
drain off   排出，流出

Review Question

1.      What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for?

2.      How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio?

3.      What controls the length of the stroke?

4.      List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics?

5.      What are the main function of the engine block?

 

 

 

 

2.3  Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft

2.3.1  Piston Assembly

  The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.

The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.

2.3.2.Piston

To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.

The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.

 

 

2.3.3Piston Rings

As Fig.2-9 shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in               the tops of the pistons.

In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.

During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.

2.3.4 Piston Pin

The piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside  the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.

2.3.3 Connecting rod

The connecting rod is made of forged high-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .

2.3.5  Crankshaft

The crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .

  The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the main journal and the big end centers , controls the length of the stroke . The stroke is double the throw , and the stroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .

2.3.6 Flywheel

   The flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft . As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch , which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .

New Words

Comprise 由。。。。。。。組成，包含

Inter 慣性，慣量

Radius 半徑，范圍

Circular 圓形的

Steel band 鋼圈

Fit into 放入，放進

Groove 凹槽

Piston pin 活塞銷

Pin boss 活塞銷凸臺

Withstand 抵抗

Hollow 空的

Brunt 沖力

Crown 活塞頂

Skirt 裙部

Ring land 環(huán)帶

Concave 凹的，凹入的

Dome 圓頂

Recessed 隱蔽的

Cylinder wall 氣缸壁

Cylinder bore 缸筒

Splash 飛濺

chrome-face 表面鍍銀的

Untwist 朝相反方向的

In place 在適當位置

Chrome-plated 鍍鉻的

Forge 偽造，仿造

Crankpin 曲軸銷

Bush 軸瓦，套筒

Bronze 青銅

Crankshaft journal 曲軸軸頸

Steel-backed 鋼背的

Lead 鉛

Tin 錫

Splint 切口，中斷，分配，分離

In conjunction with 連同

Reciprocating motion 往復運動

Rotary 旋轉(zhuǎn)的

Carbon steel 碳鋼

Journal 軸頸

Align with 匹配

Overlap 重疊

Timing gear 正時齒輪

Throw 擺幅

Vice verse 反之亦然

Impulse 脈沖

Space out 隔開，分隔

Through out 遍及

Diagram 圖表

Firing order 點火順序

Companion 成對

Circumference 圓周

2.4 Valve System

  The valve system is made up of those parts needed to open and close the valves at just the right time .

2.4.1 Valve Operation

    To coordinate the four-stroke cycle , a group parts called the valve train opens and closes the valves ( moves them down and up , respectively ) . These valve movements must take place at exactly the right moments . The opening of each valve is controlled by a camshaft .

1. Camshaft(OHC) Valve Train Overhead

The cam is an egg-shaped piece of metal on a shaft that rotates in coordination with the crankshaft . The metal shaft , called the camshaft , typically has individual cams for each valve in the engine . As the camshaft rotates , the lobe , or high spot of the cam , pushes against parts connected to the stem of the valve . This action forces the valve to move downward . This action could open an inlet valve , or open an exhaust valve for an exhaust stroke .

As the camshaft continues to rotate , the high spot moves away from the valve mechanism . As this occurs , valve spring pull the valve tightly closed against its opening , called the valve seat .

Valve in modern car engines are located in the cylinder head at the top the engine . This is known as an overhead valve (OHC) configuration . In addition , when the camshaft is located over the cylinder head , the arrangement is known as overhead camshaft (OHC) design . Some high-performance engine have two separate camshafts , one for each set of inlet and exhaust valves . These engines are known as overhead-camshaft (DHOC) engine .

2. Push-rod Valve Train

The camshaft also can be located in the lower part of the engine , within the engine block . To transfer the motion of the cam upward to the valve , additional parts are needs .

In this arrangement , the cam lobs push against round metal cylinders called follower upward ( away from the camshaft ) . The cam follower rides against a push rod , which pushes against a rocker arm . The rocker arm pivots on a shaft through its center . As one side of the rocker arm moves up , the other side moves down , just like a seesaw . The downward-moving side of the rocker arm pushes on the valve stem to open the valve .

Because a push-rod valve train has additional parts , it is more difficult to run at high speeds . Push-rod engines typically run at slower speeds and , consequently , produce less horsepower than overhead-camshaft designs of equal size . ( Remember , power is the rate at which work is done .)

  2.4.2 Valve Clearance

When the engine runs in compression stroke and power stroke , the valves must close tightly on their seats to produce a gas-tight seal and thus prevent the gases escaping from the combustion chamber . If the valves do not close fully the engine will not develop fill power . Also the valve heads will be liable to be brunt by the passing hot gases , and there is the likelihood of crown touching an open valve , which can seriously damage the engine .

So that the valves can close fully some clearance is needed in the operating mechanism . This means that the operating mechanism must be able to move sufficiently far enough away from the valve t allow the valves to be fully closed against its seat by the valve spring . However , if the clearance is set too great this will cause a light metallic taping noise .

 2.4.3 Valve Timing

       The time at which valves open and close ( valve timing ) and the duration of the valve opening in stated in degrees of crankshaft rotation . For example , the intake valve normally begins to open just before the piston has reached the top dead center . The valve remains open as the piston travels down to BDC and even past BDC . This is intake valve duration .An example of this could be stated as follows : IO at 17BTDC , IC at 51ABDC ( or , intake opens 17before top dead center , intake closes 51after bottom dead center ) . Intake valve duration in this case is 248 of crankshaft rotation .

This leaves 129 duration for the compression stroke since compression ends when the piston reaches TDC . At this point the power stroke begins . The power stroke ends when the exhaust valve begins to open approximately at 51 before bottom dead center . The duration of the power stroke in this case is also 129 .

Since the exhaust valve is opening at 51 BBDC , this begins the exhaust stroke . The exhaust stroke continues as the piston passes BDC and moves upward to past TDC . With the exhaust valve closing at 17 TTDC , the duration of the exhaust stroke is 248 .

It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open . In other words , the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke overlap for a short period of time . This is called valve overlap . Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines.

Opening the intake valve before TDC and closing it after BDC increase the fill of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder . Opening the intake valve early helps overcome the static inertia of the air-fuel mixture at the beginning of the intake stroke , while leaving the intake valve open after BDC takes advantage of the kentia of the moving air-fuel mixture . This increase volumetric efficiency .

As the piston moves down on the power stroke past the 90 ATDC position , pressure in the cylinder has dropped , and the leverage to the crankshaft has decreased due to connecting rod angle and crankshaft position . This ends the effective length of the power stroke , and the exhaust valve can now be opened to begin expelling the burned gases . The exhaust valve remains open until the piston has moved up past the TDC position . This helps to remove as much of the burned gases as is possible and increase volumetric efficiency .

2.4.4 Cam Design and Control Dynamics

The function of the cam is to open and close the valves as far as possible , as fast as possible and as smoothly as possible . The closing force for the valves is applied by the valve spring which also maintain contact between the cam and the valves . Dynamic force impose limits on cam and valve lift .

The entire valve-train assembly can be view as a spring \mass system in which the conversion from stored to free energy causes force vibration . Valve-train assemblies with overhead camshafts can be represented with sufficient accuracy by a 1-mass system ( consisting of the moving mass , the valve-train assembly stiffness and corresponding damping ) .

For system with valve bottom-mounted camshaft and push rods , a 2-mass system is being increasingly used .

The maximum permissible contact stress , usually regarded as the parameter which limits cam-lobe radius and the rate of opening on the flank , currently lies between 600-700Mpa depending upon the material parings used .

2.4.5   Camshaft  Drive  Mechanism

Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft . Therefore,  the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft . This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio .A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. The gears are linked in one of three ways:

1.Belt Drive

A cog-type belt can be used .Such belts are made of synthetic rubber and reinforced with internal steel or fiberglass strands. The belts have teeth ,or slotted spaces to engage and drive teeth on gear wheels. A belt typically is used on engines with overhead-cam valve trains.

2.Chain Drive

On some engines, a metal chain is used to connect the crankshaft and camshaft gears. Most push-rod engines and some OHC engines have chains.

3.Gear Drive

The camshaft and crankshaft gears can be connected directly, or meshed. This type of operating linkage commonly is used on older six-cylinder, inline engines.

 A camshaft driven by a chain or belt turns in the same direction as the crankshaft . But a Camshaft driven directly by the crankshaft gear turns in the opposite direction. Timing belts are used because they cost less than chains and operate more quietly. A typical timing belt is made of neoprene (synthetic rubber) reinforced with fiberglass.

 

2.4.6 Electronic Valve Control System

An electronic value control (EVC) system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each value with actuators for independent value timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each value. Changing from a mechanical camshaft driven value into independently controlled actuator valves provides a huge amount of flexibility in engine control strategy. Vehicles utilizing EVC can realize several benefits including:

1)      increases engine power and fuel economy,

2)      allows centralized and distributed EVC systems to perform at their full potential,

3)      adapts to engines of varied cylinder counts.

With all of the improved efficiencies and consumer benefits, auto manufacturers are eager to get their first EVC systems on the road. The EVC system is targeted to operate in temperatures up to 125, while the actuator is targeted to run up to 6000 r/min. The actuator can be controlled in a centralized system with a high-speed multiplex bus (up to 10Mbps) or in a distributed system with a nominal speed bus.

EVC systems must be compact in size, specifically the actuators that must be small enough to fit in the engine space. A vehicle that uses a 42V system is ideal for EVC because it requires high voltage to control the value actuators, and EVC is targeted for V8 and V12 engines. The EVC system is also highly flexible, allowing adaptability  for a number of cylinder engines.

                         New  Words

coordinate                  協(xié)調(diào)

valve train                  氣閥傳動

respectively                分別的，各自的

overhead camshaft           頂置凸微輪軸

guide                      導管

tappet                  挺桿

valve insert                 氣門座

cotter                      鎖銷，鎖片

opening                     口

lobe                        凸起

spot                        點，位置

stem                        桿

dual                         雙的

cam follower                 凸輪挺桿

seesaw                      蹺蹺板，杠桿

value clearance               氣門間歇

gas-tight seal                  氣封

liable to                      容易

likelihood     　　　　　　　　可能               

tapping                       輕敲

valve timing                   配氣正時             

intake valve                    進氣閥           

exhaust valve                  排氣閥

static                         靜態(tài)的，靜力的

kinetic                        （運）動的，動力（學）的

volumetric                     測定體積的

leverage                       杠桿作用

offset                          偏移量

dynamics                       動力學

valve lift                        氣門挺桿

valve…as…                     把…..看成……

parameter                       參數(shù)，參量

radius                          半徑，范圍 

flank                           側(cè)面 

pairing                          配對，成對  

correspond with                  相當于     

gear ratio                        傳動比   

cog-type belt                     齒型帶

synthetic rubber                   合成橡膠

reinforce                         加強

fiberglass                         玻璃纖維

strand                           繩，線，絞合  

slotted                           有槽的，切槽的

mesh                            相嚙合

linkage                           聯(lián)動

inline engine                      直列發(fā)動機  

neoprene                         氯丁（二?。┫鹉z

electronic valve control (EVC)        電子式氣閥控制

centralized system                  集中系統(tǒng)

distributed system                   分布系統(tǒng) 

varied cylinder count                可變的汽缸數(shù)

architecture                        結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造

processor                          處理器 

local node                         局域節(jié)點 

communication layer                 通信層

synchronization                     同步

Review Question

1. List the main parts of the OHC valve train .

2. How does a push-rod valve train work ?

3. how are the valve clearance adjusted by hand ?

4. Why do the intake valves open before TDC and close after BDC ?

        5. What do we mean by “ valve overlap “

6. Why do most cars use timing belts rather than chains ?

7. What are the advantage of the electronic valve control (EVC) ?

 

 

2.5  Gasoline Fuel System

2.5.1 Gasoline

Gasoline is distilled from crude petroleum . Gasoline is highly flammable , meaning it burns easily in the presence of air .

Gasoline must vaporize easily . This characteristic , called volatility , is important . However , it must not vaporize too easily , or it will turn to vapor inside the fuel tank or fuel lines . Inside the fuel line , fuel vapor may block the flow of liquid gasoline . This is called vapor lock . Vapor lock is common in fuel lines where the inlet side of the pump is exposed to high temperatures . 

The flammability of gasoline varies with its quality and the additives mixed with the gasoline The way gasoline burns inside the combustion chamber is most important .

Increasing the pressure of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before ignition helps to increase the power of an engine . This is done by compression the fuel mixture to a smaller volume . Higher compression ratio not only boost power but also give more efficient power . But as the compression ratio goes up , knocking tendency increase . The octane number of a gasoline is a measure of its antiknock quality or ability to resist detonation during combustion . Detonation , sometimes referred to as knock , can be defined as an uncontrolled explosion of the last portion of the burning fuel-air mixture due to excessive temperature and pressure condition in the combustion chamber . Since detonation creates shock pressure waves , and hence audible knock , rather tan smooth combustion and expansion of the fuel-air mixture , it result in loss of power , excessive localized temperatures , and engine damage if sufficiently severe .

There are two commonly used methods of determining the octane number of motor gasoline the motor method and the research method . Both used the same type of laboratory single –cylinder engine , which is equipped with a variable head and a knock meter to indicate knock intensity . Using the test sample as fuel , the engine compression ratio and the air-fuel mixture are adjusted to develop a specified knock intensity . Two primary standard reference fuels , normal heptane and iso-octane , arbitrarily assigned 0 and 100 octane numbers , respectively , are then blended to produce the same knock intensity as the test sample . Thus , if the matching reference blend is made up of 15 n-heptane and 85 iso-octane , the test sample , the test sample is rate 85 motor or research octane number , according to the test method used .

2.5.2 Adaptation to Operating Condition

    In certain operation conditions , the fuel requirement differs greatly from the basic injection-fuel quantity so that corrective is required in mixture formation .

1.Cold Start

During a cold start , the air-fuel mixture drawn in by the engine leans off . This is due to the low turbulence at cranking speeds causing poor mixture of the fuel particles with the air , and to the minimal evaporation of the fuel and wetting of the cylinder walls and intake ports with fuel at low temperature . In order to compensate for these phenomena , and thus facilitate staring of the cold engine , additional fuel must be injected during cranking .

2.Post-start Phase

        After staring at low temperatures , it is necessary to enrich the mixture for a short period in order to compensate for poor mixture formation and wetting of the cylinder and intake-port walls with fuel . In addition , the rich mixture results in higher torque and therefore better throttle response when accelerating from idle .

3.Warm-up

        The warm=up phase follows the cold-start and the post-start phase . The engine needs extra fuel during the warm-up phase because some of the fuel condenses on the still cold cylinder walls . At low temperatures , mixture formation is poor due to the large fuel droplets concerned , and due to the inefficient mixing of the fuel with the air drawn in by the engine , The result is that fuel condenses on the intake valves and in the intake manifold , and only evaporates at higher temperatures .

        The above factors all necessitate an increasing enrichment of the mixture along with decreasing temperature .

4.Acceleration

         If the throttle is opened abruptly , the air-fuel mixture is momentarily leaned-off , and a short period of mixture enrichment is needed to ensure good transitional response .

        5 . Part  Load

         During part-load operation , achieving maximum air-fuel economy and observing the emission values are the crucial factors .

6.Full  Load

The engine delivers maximum power at full load , when the air-fuel mixture must be enriched compared to that at part load .

This enrichment depends on engine speed and provide maximum possible torque over the entire engine-speed range . This also ensure optimum fuel-economy figures during full-load operation .

7.Idling

In addition to the efficiency of the engine , the engine idle speed principally determines the fuel consumption at idle .

The higher frictional resistances in the cold engine must be overcome by increasing the air-fuel mixture input . In order to achieve smoother running at idle , the idle-speed control increases the idle speed . This also leads to more rapid warm-up of the engine . Close-loop idle-speed control prevents too high an idle speed . The mixture quantity corresponds to the quantity required for maintaining the idle speed at the relevant load ( e.g.. cold engine and increased friction ) . It also permits constant exhaust-gas emission values for a long period without idle adjustment . Closed-loop idle-speed control also partially compensates for charges in the engine resulting from aging and ensures stable engine idling throughout the service life .

 8.Overrun

Cutting off the fuel during deceleration reduces fuel consumption not merely on long downhill runs and during braking , but also in town traffic . Because no fuel is burnt , there are no emission .

 9.Engine-speed Limiting

          When a presser engine speed is reached , the ECU suppresses the fuel-injection pulses .

          10.Adaptation of the Air-fuel Mixture at High Altitudes

          The low density of air at high altitudes necessitates a leaner air-fuel mixture . At high altitudes , due to the lower air density , the volumetric floe measured by the air-fuel sensor corresponds to a lower air-mass floe . This error can compensated for by correcting the fuel quantity . Over-enrichment is avoided and , therefore , excessive fuel consumption .

2.5.3 Carburetor

As shown in Fig.2-20 , the fuel system has a fuel tank , fuel tank , fuel pump , fuel filter and carburetor . These parts store gasoline and deliver it to the carburetor as needed . Stated simply , the fuel tank stores the gasoline . The fuel lines carry the fuel from the tank to the carburetor . The fuel pump moves gasoline from the tank and through the fuel lines to carburetor . the fuel filter removes impurities from the gasoline . Then the carburetor sends the fuel ━ a mixture of air and gasoline ━ into the combustion chamber .

2.5.4 Motronic Combine Ignition and Fuel Injection System

The carburetor sends the correct air-fuel mixture to the engine . However , not all cars have carburetors . Fuel-injection systems are used on many modern cars .

Fuel-injection systems have many advantages over carburetors . For example , they provide more exact fuel control . Thus , they can better match air-fuel ratios to changing engine conditions . They also provide better economy and emission control . Furthermore , fuel-injection system do not need many of the parts that carburetor have .

The Motronic system is an engine-management system comprising a control unit ( ECU ) which implements at least the two basic function ignition and fuel injection , but which , however may contain additional subsystems as required for improves engine control .

1.      Detection of Measured Valves

The combustion process in the cylinder is influenced not only by fuel management , mixture quantity and air-fuel ratio , but also by the ignition advance and the energy contained in the ignition spark . An optimized engine control the air-fuel ratio λ throughout the injection time t ( i.e. the quantity of injected fuel ) as well as the ignition advance angle α and the dwell angle β . The main parameters which effect the combustion process are detected as measure values and processed together such that the optimum ignition and injection timing is calculated for instantaneous engine operating conditions

2.      Actuating Variables/Sensors

Engine speed and load are the main actuating variables . Because a specific ignition advance angle and a specific injection time correspond to each point of the engine speed/load map , it is important that all variables which pertain to the same point are calculate on the same speed /load area . This is only possible if the ignition advance and the injection time are calculated with the same speed and load valves ( engine speed detected only once with the same sensors ) .

This avoids statistical errors which can result , for example , from tolerances of different load sensor devices . Whereas a slightly different allocation in the part-load rage normally only increases consumption or exhaust emission , at full load near the knock limit the susceptibility t engine knocking increase . Clear allocation of the ignition timing angle and the injection time is provide by Motronic Systems , even under conditions of dynamic engine operation .

3.      Motronic System

The Motonic system comprise a series of subsystem , the two basic subsystem being ignition and fuel injection . The combined system is more flexible and can implement a greater number of functions than the corresponding individual system . An important feature of the Motronic system is its implementation of a large number of freely programmable maps as desired for most sub-functions .

The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) function has not been used in Europe to date , and is therefore provide only as an alternative systems . The lambda control system can only be considered today if used in conjunction with an adaptive precontrol for reasons of reduced exhaust emissions .

The knock control is either connected to the Motronic system via a defined interface , or integrated into the system . This combination of subsystem makes sense a physical standpoint : it enables a basic system ( ignition and fuel injection ) with open-loop functional control in a management system .

The idle speed control is realized by means of data from the ignition system and the fuel emissions .

The knock control is either connected to the Motronic system via a defined interface , or integrated into the system . This combination of subsystem makes sense a physical standpoint : it enables a basic system ( ignition and fuel injection ) with open-loop functional control in a management system .

The idle speed control is realized by means of data from the ignition system and the fuel injection system and is part of the overall system of control which includes tank ventilation and camshaft control .

Microcomputer-controlled systems today are required to perform self-diagnosis of the control unit itself , as well as of the entire system to a certain extent . Motronic system of the future will thus include a diagnostic feature .

An engine-management system should include at least those function described here . The addition of other functions is practical if they can be implemented without the need for a number of additional inputs and outputs . System which use input and output signals different from those used by the Motronic system are not integrated but rather are connected with the Motronic system via interfaces . Typical examples of such systems are the transmission control system and the traction control system which access the ignition and injection system via corresponding interfaces .

4.      System Configuration

Fig 2-22 is a typical Motronic system which shows the fuel circuit and the acquisition of load and temperature data . The system dose not include the cold-start valve or the thermo-time switch whose function  are performed by the control unit . The auxiliary-air device has been replaced by the idle-speed actuator . In addition to the ignition coil , the ignition section also include the high-volt-age distributor which is normally mounted directly on the camshaft . In contrast to the conventional ignition distributor , the high-voltage distributor only incorporate the high-voltage distributor function . The control unit electronically determines the proper ignition timing as a function of engine speed and load .

5.      Control Unit ( ECU )

      The ECU detects the instantaneous condition of the engine at very short intervals ( milliseconds ) via a number of sensors . The signals output by the sensors are fed to the ECU where input circuits remove any signal interference and convert the signals to a uniform voltage range . An A/D converter then transforms these signals to their signal equivalents . This information is then processed by the microcomputer , which generates output signals . The output stages amplify the low power lever of microcomputer outputs to the lever required by the actuators . All programs and maps are resident in a semiconductor memory . Digital signal level or component tolerance fluctuations . Digital accuracy is governed by word length , quartz-clock frequency constancy and the algorithms used for processing . Analog accuracy is determined by constancy and accuracy of the reference volt-ages , and by the components used in the input circuits . Program configuration must allow for the extreme real-time requirements of the engine : the interval between two ignition pulse in a 6-cylinder engine is only about 3ms at maximum speed . All essential calculation must be performed during this period . In addition to crankshaft-synchronous control processing , the ECU also has to calculate time-synchronous events .Both then functions have to wait if an interrupt occurs .

 

2.6 Engine Cooling

The purpose of the engine’s cooling system is to remove excess heat from the engine , to keep the engine operation at its most efficient temperature , and to get the engine up to the correct temperature as soon as possible after staring .Ideally , the cooling system keeps the engine running at its most efficient temperature no matter what the operation are .

There are two types of cooling systems ; liquid cooling and air cooling . Most auto engines are cooled by the liquid type ; air cooling is used more frequently for airplanes , motorcycles and lawnmowers .

2.6.1 Liquid Cooling 

This system consists of several interdependent parts that function together to maintain proper engine temperature . The cooling system of a water –cooled engine consists of the engine’s water jacket , a thermostat , a water pump , radiator and radiator cap , a cooling fan ( electric or belt-drive) , hoses , and usually an expansion ( overflow ) tank .

To dissipate excess engine heat , the cooling system performs four function :

1)      absorption

2)      circulation

3)      radiation

4)      control

          Absorption occurs as coolant moves through the engine block . Heat energy from the burning fuel in the cylinders passes into the cylinder walls and cylinder head . Liquid coolant circulates through hollow spaces within the engine block and head to absorb the heat from the metal parts of the engine . The hollow spaces are known as the water jacket .

        After absorbing the heat , the hot coolant passes out through the cylinder head and eaters the radiator . As the coolant circulates through the radiator , it gives up its heat to the metal tubes of the radiator . The radiator is made of brass or aluminum , metals that conduct heat well . As air passes through the radiator fins and around the tubes , heat is transferred to air .

        However , if coolant circulated at all times from the engine to radiator , the engine would run very cool on cold days . Remember that chemical reaction , including the burning of the fuel , occur more efficiently at high temperature . Thus , for the engine to operate efficiently , there must be a control mechanism .

        This control system is the thermostat . It regulates hoe much coolant is permitted to flow through the radiator . After you start the engine , it should heat an efficient operating temperature as quickly as possible and maintain that temperature without overheating .

2.7 Engine Lubrication

        The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the engine . An engine must have a good lubrication system . Without it , the friction heat from the contact of moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss . Oil , when placed between two moving parts , separates them with a film . This oil film prevents the parts from rubbing against between each other . This oil film also cushions the parts , giving quieter and smoother engine operating .

Besides lubricating engine parts , oil is also used to :

1)      clean the inside of the engine

2)      help cool the engine

3)      from a seal between the cylinder walls and piston rings .

         Friction between engine components is reduced by :

1)      boundary lubricating – relies on oil being splashed up onto the surfaces .

2)      full film lubricating – an oil film is maintained by forcing the oil between the surfaces by an oil pump .

The system used on a modern engine combines both methods : pistons are lubricated by splash and bearing are pressure fed .

The main parts of a lubrication system are : pump , main oil gallery , relief valve and filters .

2.7.1 Pump

In most cars , the oil pump is in the crankcase above the sump . It draws oil through a tube that extends downward oil through a tube that extends downward into the sump .This tube has a filter screen over its bottom end . The screen keeps large pieces of sludge and dirt from being drawn into the pump . The tube may be hinged on the pump end so that it can move up and down as the oil level change in the sump . Thus , the pump always draws oil from the top of the sump , not from the bottom where the dirt and sludge tend to settle . Modern cars use one of two common types of oil pump – the gear – type and the rotor – type .

 2.7.2 Main Oil Gallery and Relief Valve

This runs the length of the engine . Drilling from the gallery allow oil to be supplied to the bearing surfaces .

Generally fitted in the gallery , this spring loaded valves opens when the pressure reaches the maximum allowed .

 2.7.3 Filters

           Besides the gauze screen that prevents pieces of the metal entering the pump there is an external filter which can be renewed periodically . A modern engine uses a full – flow filtering system . In this system , the output of the oil pump flows through the oil filter before each trip through the engine . When an engine runs at 3000r/min its entire five quarts of oil pass through the filter at least once every minutes . Thus the oil filter ensures that only clean oil enters the engine .

New Words

 

Cushion  緩沖，減振

Relief valve  溢流閥

Sludge  油泥渣，殘渣

Hinge 依。。。。。。。而轉(zhuǎn)移

Gauze screen filter 金屬濾網(wǎng)濾清器

Review Question

1.      What is the purpose of the cooling system ?

2.      List the main parts a liquid – cooling system ?

3.      Why is thermostat need is a liquid – cooling system ?

4.      What are the main function of the lubrication system ?

5.      List the main parts of the lubrication system ?

2.8 Exhaust System 

   The exhaust system carries exhaust gases from the engine’s combustion chamber to the atmosphere and reduces , or muffles , engine noise . Exhaust gases leave the engine the engine in a pipe , traveling through a catalytic converter and a muffler before exiting through the tailpipe .

2.9.1The Tailpipe

   The tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the muffler . It sticks out from under the body of a car , at the rear , in order to discharge the exhaust gases from the muffler of the engine into the air outside the car .

2.8.2 The Muffler

   Exhaust gases leave the engine under extremely high pressure . If these gases escaped directly from the engine , the noise would be tremendous . For the reason , the exhaust manifold sends the gases to a muffler where they go through metal plates , or tubes , with a series of holes . The pressure of the gases is reduced when they pass through the muffler , so they go out of the tailpipe quietly .

The muffler is made of metal and is located underneath the body a car . it’s connected between the tailpipe and the catalytic converter .

There are two types of muffler design . One type uses several baffled chambers to reduce noise . The other type sends the gases straight through perforate pipe wrapped in metal or fiberglass This type of muffler is designed for the purpose of reducing backpressure and , consequently , makes slightly more noise .

The muffler quests the noise of the exhaust by “ muffling ” the sound waves creates by the opening and closing of the exhaust valves . When an exhaust valve opens , it discharge the burned gases at high pressures into exhaust pipe , which is at low pressure . This type of action creates sound waves that travel through the flowing gas , moving much faster than the gas itself ( up to1400 m. p . h . ) that the muffler must silence . It generally does this by converting the sound wave energy into heat by pasting the exhaust gas and through perforated chambers of varied sizes . Passing into the perforation and reflectors within the chamber forces the sound waves to dissipate their energy .

Car manufacturers are experimenting with an electronic muffler , which uses sensors to monitor the sound waves of the exhaust noise . The sound wave data are sent to a computer that controls speaker near the tailpipe . The system generates sound waves 180 degrees of phase with the engine noise . The sound waves from the electronic muffler collide with the exhaust sound waves and they cancel each other out , leaving only low – lever heat to emerge from the tailpipe .

2.8.3 The Exhaust Manifold And Header

 The exhaust manifold , usually constructed of cast iron , is a pipe that conducts the exhaust gases from the combustion chambers to the exhaust pipe . It has smooth cures in it for improving the flow of exhaust .

 The exhaust manifold is bolted to the cylinder head , and has entrances for the air that is injected into it . It is usually is located under the intake manifold .

 A header is a different type of manifold , it is made of separate equal – length tubes .

2.8.4 Manifold to Exhaust Pipe Gasket

 There are several types of that connect the exhaust pipe to manifold .

 One is a flat surface gasket . Another type uses a ball and socket with spring to maintain pressure . This type allows some flexibility without breakage of the seal or the manifold . A third type is the full ball connector type , which also allows a little flexibility .

2.8.5 Exhaust Pipe Hangers

 Hangers hold the exhaust system in place . They give the system flexibility and reduce the noise lever . The hanger system consists of rubber rings , tubes and clamps .

2.8.6 Exhaust pipe

 The exhaust pipe is the bent – up or convoluted pipes underneath a car . Some are shaped to go over the rear axle allowing the rear axle to move up and down without bumping into the exhaust pipe ; some are shaped to bend around under the floor of the car , connecting the catalytic converter with the muffler . Exhaust pipes are usually made out of stainless steel , since the high heat conditions involved with the muffler system will cause rust .

2.8.7 Dual Exhaust System

 The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more freely ,thereby lowering the backpressure , which is inherent in an exhaust system . With a dual exhaust system , a sizable increasing in engine horsepower can be obtained because the “ breathing ” capacity of the engine is improved , leaving less exhaust gases in the engine at the end of each exhaust stroke . This , in turn , leaves more room for en extra intake of the air – fuel mixture .

New Word

Tremendous 巨大的，極大的

Perforated 多孔的

Muffler 消音器

Tailpipe 尾管

Hanger 吊耳，吊鉤

Manifold 歧管

Fiberglass 玻璃纖維

Speaker 揚聲器

Header 集氣管                                                           

Baffled 用擋板隔開的

Convoluted 回旋狀的

Flat 平面

Sizable 相當大的，大小相當?shù)?/span>

Room 空間

Bump 碰撞

Catalytic converter 催化轉(zhuǎn)換器

Backpressure 背壓

2.9The Ignition System

     There are many different ignition systems . Most of these systems can be placed into one of three distinct : the conventional breaker point type ignition systems ( in use since the early 1900s ) ; the electronic ignition systems ( popular since the mid 70s ) ; and the distributorless ignition system ( introduces in the mid 80s ) .

The automotive ignition system has two basic functions ; it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements , and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug .

2.9.1 Point – Type Ignition System

An automotive ignition system is divided into two electrical circuits – the primary and secondary circuits . The primary circuit carries low voltage . This circuit operates only on battery current and is controlled by the breaker points and the ignition switch . The secondary circuit coil ( commonly called the coil wire ) , the distributor cap the distributor rotor , the spark plug leads and the spark plugs .

The distributor is the controlling element of the system . It switches the primary current on and off and distributes the current to the proper spark plug each time a spark is needed . The distributor is a stationary housing surrounding a rotating shaft . The shaft is driven at one – half engine speed by the engine’s camshaft through the distributor drive gears . A cam near the top of the distributor shaft has on lobe for each cylinder of the engine . The cam operates the contact points , which are mounted on a plate within the distributor housing .

A rotor is attached to the top of  the distributor shaft . When the distributor cap is in place , a spring – loaded piece of metal in the center of the cap makes contact with a metal strip on top of the rotor . The outer end of the rotor passes very close to the contacts connected to the spark plug leads around the outside of the distributor cap .

The coil is the heart of the ignition system . Essentially , it is nothing more than a transformer which takes the relatively low voltage ( 12 volts ) available from the battery and increasing it to a point where it will fire the plug as much as 40000 volts . The term “coil” is perhaps a misnomer since there are actually two coils of wire wound about an iron cone . These coils are insulated from each other and the whole assembly is enclosed in an oil – filled case . The primary coil , which consists of relatively few turns of heavy wire , is connected to the two primary terminals located on top of the coil . The secondary coil consists of many turns of fine wire. It is connected to the high – tension connection on top of the coil ( the tower into which the coil wire from the distributor is plugged ) .

Under normal operating conditions , power from the battery is fed through a resistor or resistance wire to the primary circuit of the coil and is then grounded through the ignition points in the distributor ( the points are closed ) . Energizing the coil primary circuit with battery voltage produces current flow through the primary winding , which induces a very large , intense magnetic filed . This magnetic filed remains as long as current flows and the points remain closed .

As the distributor cam rotates , the points are pushed apart , breaking the primary circuit and stopping the flow of current . Interrupting the flow of primary current causes the magnetic filed to collapse . Just as current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic filed , moving a magnetic filed across a wire will produce a current . As the magnetic filed collapses , its lines of wire in the secondary winding , inducing a current in them . Since there are many more turns of wire in the secondary windings , the voltage from the primary winding is magnified considerably up to 40000volts .

The voltage from the coil secondary winding flows through the coil high – tension lead to the center of the distributor cap , where it is distributed by the rotor to one of the outer terminals in the cap . From there , it flows through the spark plug lead to the spark plug . This process occurs in a split second and is repeated every time the points open and close , which is up to 1500 times a minute in a 4 – cylinder engine at idle .

2.9.2 Electronic Ignition Systems

The need for higher mileage , reduced emissions and greater reliability has led to the development of the electronic ignition system . These system generate a much stronger spark , which is needed to ignite leaner fuel Breaker point system needed a resistor to reduce the operating voltage of the primary circuit in order to prolong the life of the points . The primary circuit of the electronic ignition system operates on full battery voltage , which helps to develop a stronger spark . Spark plug gaps have winded due to the ability of the increased voltage to jump the large gap . Cleaner combustion and less deposits have led to longer spark plug life .

On some systems , the ignition coil has moved inside the distributor cap . This system is said to have an internal coil opposed to the complicated external .

Electronic ignition systems are not as complicated as they may first appear . In fact , they differ only slightly from conventional point ignition systems . Like conventional ignition systems , electronic systems have two circuits : a primary circuit and a secondary circuit . The entire secondary circuit is the same as in a conventional ignition system . In addition , the section of the primary circuit from the battery to the battery terminal at the coil is the same as in a conventional ignition system .

Electronic ignition system differ from conventional ignition system in the distributor component area . Instead of a distributor cam , breaker plate , points , and condenser , an electronic ignition system has an armature ( called by various names such as a trigger wheel , redactor , etc . ) , a pickup coil ( stator , sensor , etc. ) , and an electronic module .

2.9.3 Distributorless Ignition System ( DIS )

The third type of ignition system is the distributorless ignition . The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils . The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition Control Unit (      ICU ) and the Engine Control Unit ( ECU ) . The distributorless ignition system may have one coil per cylinder , or one coil for each pair of cylinders .

Some popular systems use one ignition coil per two cylinders . This type of system is often known as the waste spark distribution method . In this system , each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order ( usually 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 on 4 – cylinder engines or 1 – 4 – 2 – 5 – 3 – 6 on V6 engines ) . The ends of each coil secondary leads are attached to spark plugs for the paired opposites . These two plugs are on companion cylinder , cylinders that are at Top Dead Center ( TDC ) at the sane time . But , they are paired opposites , because they are always at opposing ends of the 4 – stroke engine cycle . When one is at TDC of the compression stroke , the other is at TDC of the exhaust stroke . The one that is on compression is said to be the event cylinder and one on the exhaust stroke , the waste cylinder . When the coil discharges , both plugs fire at the same time to complete the series circuit .

Since the polarity of the primary and the secondary windings are fixed , one plug always fires in a forward direction and the other in reverse . This is different than a conventional system firing all plugs the same direction each time . Because of the demand for additional energy ; the coil design , saturation time and primary current flow are also different . This redesign of the system allows higher energy to be available from the distributorless coils , greater than 40 kilovolts at the rpm ranges .

The distributorless ignition system uses either a magnetic crankshaft sensor , camshaft position sensor , or both , to determine crankshaft position and engine speed . This signal is sent to the ignition control module or engine control module , which then energizes the appropriate coil .

The advantage of no distributor , in theory , is :

1.      No timing adjustments .

2.      No distributor cap and rotor .

3.      No moving parts to wear out .

4.      No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause staring problems .

5.      No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag .

The major components of a distributorless ignition are :

1.      ECU or Engine Control Unit .

2.      ICU or Ignition Control Unit .

3.      Magnetic Triggering Device such as the Crankshaft Position Sensor and the Camshaft position Sensor .

4.      Coil Pack .

New Words

Distributor 分電器

Condenser 電容器

Wear 磨損

Saturation 磁飽和

Series 串聯(lián)

Wind 纏繞

Coil （ 點火 ）線圈

Transformer 變壓器

Turn 匝數(shù)

Term 術(shù)語， 學期，條件

Breaker point type ignition system 觸點型點火系統(tǒng)

Distributorless ignition system 無分電器點火系統(tǒng)

Primary and secondary circuits 初級和次級電路

Magnetic filed 磁場

High tension lead 高壓導線

Distributor rotor 分火頭

Spark plug 火花塞

Chaper3 Chassis

3.1clutch

  The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts include the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly .

  The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .

   To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage . The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must act as a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .

   However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled .

   The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine’s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .

   The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .

   The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back – and – forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .

The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .

In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed – steed cover bolted to the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust pad riding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted so that they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .

Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal spring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .

When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to flywheel .

The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .

The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where another operates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .

The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell – housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutch assembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .

New Word

Clutch 離合器

Flywheel 飛輪

Stationary 靜止的，不動的，不變的，固定的

Torsional 扭轉(zhuǎn)的，扭力的

Crankshaft 曲軸，機軸

Stall 停止，停轉(zhuǎn)，遲延

Mount 安放，設(shè)置，裝上

Groove 凹槽，溝

Lever 桿，杠桿，控制桿

Pivot 支點

Gearbox 變速器

Retract 縮回，縮進，收回，

Compactness 緊密，簡潔

Drive train 傳動系

Drive shaft 傳動軸

Pressure plate 壓盤

Clutch disc 離合器從動盤，離合器摩擦片

Gear ratio 傳動比

Release bearing 分離軸承

Release fork 分離撥叉

Master cylinder 主缸

Clutch pedal 離合器踏板

Coupling device 結(jié)合裝置

At idle 空轉(zhuǎn)?？臻e

Couple with 與。。。。。。。結(jié)合

Ring gear 外形齒輪，齒圈

Pinion gear 小齒輪

Splined hub 花鍵轂

Cast iron 鑄鐵

Diaphragm spring 膜片彈簧

Thrust pad 止推片

Engage with 結(jié)合

Centrifugal force 離心力

Fulcrum ring 支撐環(huán)

Pilot bushing 導軸襯

Bell housing 鐘形外殼，離合器殼

3.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

The modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .

  There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .

  On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .

  There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.

  The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .

3.2.1  Planetary gear sets

   Automatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets .

  The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier .

  One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it can’t move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) .

  If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear .

  The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning .

   The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft .

   Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission .

 3.2.2 Clutch pack

  A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one .

 3.2.3One-way Clutch

A one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like that bicycle , where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward .

  A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used .

 3.2.4Torque Converter

  On automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise .

   A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine’s crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter .

  With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the ‘80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph. This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won’t engage unless the transmission is in 3^rd or 4^th gear .

3.2.5 Hydraulic System

   The  hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission ‘s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .

3.2.6 Oil Pump

   The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on  the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required .

   3.2.7 Valve Body

  The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2^nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur .

  The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1^st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .

3.2.8 Computer Controls

   The computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , stop light switch position , etc . to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be . Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it .

  Because of computer controls , sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate , then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will . The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it .

  Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash . A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is .

  3.2.9 Seals and Gaskets

  An automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case . This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out . The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft .

  A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade ) and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft . In some cases , the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft .

  A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together . Some common gasket materials are : paper , cork , rubber , silicone and soft metal .

  Aside from the main seals , there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission . A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever . This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter . Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket . In fact , seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks .

New Words

 Hump 圓形隆起

Transaxle 變速器驅(qū)動橋

Tuck 把一端塞進

Gasket 墊圈

Governor 油壓調(diào)節(jié)器

Modulator 調(diào)制器

Spline 花鍵

Bond 結(jié)合

Strap 帶,皮帶

Doughnut 圓環(huán)圖

Stator 定子,固定片

Maze 曲徑

Submerge 浸沒,淹沒

Quart 夸脫

Downshift 調(diào)低速檔

Optimal 最佳的

Solenoid 螺線管

Retrieve 重新得到

Cork 塞住

Manipulate 操作,使用

Fluid coupling 液力偶合器

Torque converter 液力變矩器

Planetary converter 行星齒輪組

Throttle cable 節(jié)氣門拉線

Ring gear 齒圈

High gear 高速檔

Reverse gear 倒檔

Sprag clutch 鍥塊式單向離合器

Centrifugal force 離心力

Gear up 促進

Stick shift 頂桿檔

Vacuum hose 真空軟管

Throttle valve 節(jié)氣閥

Leak out 泄露

Windshield wiper 風窗玻璃刮水器

  3.3 The Differential System

   When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .

  When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .

  When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance ;this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement . This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal – hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer .

New Word

Desirable 想知道的

Disc 盤片,輪盤,輪圈

Prize 撬動,推動

Equalizer 平衡裝置

3.4 Brake System

  The breaking system is the most important system in cars . If the brakes fail , the result can be disastrous . Brakes are actually energy conversion devices , which convert the kinetic energy ( momentum ) of the vehicle into thermal ( heat ) . When stepping on the brakes , the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion . The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes .

  The brake system is composed of the following basic components : the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood , and is directly connected to the brake pedal , converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure . Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel . Brake fluid , specially designed to work in extreme condition , fills the system . “Shoes” and “Pads” are pushed by the salve cylinders to contact the “drum” and “rotors” thus causing drag , which ( hopefully ) slows the car .

  The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .

  Stepping on the brake pedal , a plunger is actually been pushing against in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil ( brake fluid ) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel . Since hydraulic fluid ( or any fluid for that matter ) cannot be compressed , pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through pipe . Unlike a steel bar , however , fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination , arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with . It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it . Air can compress , which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency . If air is suspected , then the system must be bled to remove the air . There are “bleeder screws” at each wheel and caliper for this purpose .

  On a disk brakes , the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it pressure against a piston . The piton , in-turn , squeezes two brake pads against the disk ( rotor ) which is attached to the wheel , forcing it to slow down or stop . This process is similar to the wheel ,causing the wheel to stop . In either case , the friction surface of the pads on a disk brake system , on the shoes on a drum brake convert the forward motion of the vehicle into heat . Heat is what causes the friction surfaces ( lining ) of the pads and shoes to eventually wear out and require replacement .

  Brake fluid is a special oil that has specifics properties . It is designed to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very high temperatures without boiling . ( If the brake fluid should boil , it will cause you to have a spongy pedal and the car will be hard to stop ) .

The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder . Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover . The brake fluid lever will drop slightly as the brake pads wear . This is a normal condition and no cause for concern . If the lever drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full , have your brakes checked as soon as possible . Keep the reservoir covered expect for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a can of brake fluid uncovered . Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point . Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point .

The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses . Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility , such as at the front wheels , which move up and down as well as steer . The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at attachment points . If a steel line requires a repair , the best procedure is to replace the complete line . If this is nit practical , a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair . You must never use brass “compression” fittings or copper tubing repair a brake system . They are dangerous and illegal .

 3.4.1 Other Components in the Hydraulic System

 Proportioning Valve or Equalizer Valve

 These valves are mounted between the master cylinder and the rear wheels . They are designed to adjust the pressure between the front and the rear brakes depending on how hard you are stopping . The shorter you stop , the more of the vehicle’s weight is transferred to the front wheels , in some cases , causing the rear to lift and the front to dive . These valves are designed to direct more pressure to the front and less pressure to the harder you stop . This minimizes the chance of premature lockup at the rear wheels .

 Pressure Differential Valve

This valve is usually mounted just below the master and is responsible for turning the brake warning light on when it detects a malfunction . It measures the pressure from the two sections of the master cylinder and compares them . Since it is mounted ahead of the proportioning or equalizer valve , the two pressure it detects should be equal . If it detects a difference , it means that there is probably a brake fluid leak somewhere in the system .

Combination Valve

 The Combination valve is simply a proportioning valve and a pressure differential valve that is combine into one unit .

 The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a series of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal . The ideal is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a total brake failure .

New Word

Disastrous 災(zāi)難性的

Hood 發(fā)動機罩

Plunger 活塞,柱塞

Sponginess 輕軟有彈性的

Malfunction 故障

Bypass 設(shè)旁路,與會

Corkscrew 活塞推桿

Inoperative 不起作用的

Booster 調(diào)壓器,助力器

Slam 砰地踏下

Screech 發(fā)出尖銳的聲音

Thumping 極大的

Momentarily 即刻

Thermal energy 熱能

Master cylinder 制動主缸

Brake pedal 制動踏板

Brake hose 制動軟管

Salve cylinder 輪缸

Drum brake 鼓式制動器

Brake shoe 制動蹄

Bleeder screw 放氣螺釘

Spongy pedal 踏板發(fā)軟

Panic stop 緊急停車,緊急制動

Friction lining 摩擦襯片

Proportioning valve 比列閥

Equalizer valve 平衡閥

Pressure differential valve 差壓閥

Combination valve 組合閥

3.5 Steering System

 3.5.1Basic Parts of Steering System

   The steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle .

   The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column . Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles , As shown in fig , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites can turn from side top side .

   While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well . When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels , and tires  turn to one side , causing the car to turn .

  The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .

New Word

Steering box 轉(zhuǎn)向器

Steering column 轉(zhuǎn)向柱管

Steering linkage 轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)

Steering knuckle 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)

King pin 主銷

Track rod 轉(zhuǎn)向桿

Drop arm 搖臂

Stub axle 轉(zhuǎn)向軸

Turn about 繞…….轉(zhuǎn)動

Spindle 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)(軸端)

Swivel joint 轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)

 Types of Steering System

   A steering box must have the following qualities :

1) no play in the straight-ahead position

2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency

3)high rigidity ,

4 readjustability

  For these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However , there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists the operation so that driver effort is reduced .

  On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide steering control :

1) recirculating ball

2) rack and pinion

 Either of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical systems or a power –assisted system .

   3.6 Front Suspension

 The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the car to move straight down the road and turn properly .

  Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber . Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or hole in the road , the other wheel dose no9t deflect .

 3.6.1Front Wheel Alignment

 As a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels , sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is adjustable . You can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .

 The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment ca make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster , camber , and toe .

 1. Toe-in

  Toe-in specifies the degree to which non-parallel front wheels are closer together at the front than at the rear ; measured at the edges of the rims at the wheel center height . front  non-driven wheels , toe-in is approximately 2-3 mm, and between +3mmand-2 mmfor driven wheels . Toe-in reduces the tendency of the wheels to shimmy .

  2. Kingpin Angle

  The kingpin angle is the inclination of the steering axis relative to the longitudinal plane , measured in the transverse plane of the vehicle . Kingpin angle is 2°-16°and determines the steering aligning torque in conjunction with steering offset and wheel caster . It is measured only with the vehicle loaded .

  3. Camber

  Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top . Inward tilt is negative camber and outward tilt is positive camber . The tilt of the wheel is measured inn degrees and is adjustable on many vehicles .

  4. Caster

  Caster is the forward or backward of spindle or steering the knuckle at the top when viewed from the side . Forward tilt is negative caster and backward tilt positive caster . Caster is measured in the number of degrees that it is forward or backward from true vertical and is adjustable on many vehicle .

New Word

Front wheel alignment 前輪定位

Sag 傾斜

Caster 主銷傾角

Camber 車輪傾角

Toe 輪胎緣距

Toe-in 輪胎前束

Kingpin 主銷

Align 矯正,對準

Positive camber 車輪外傾角

Negative camber 車輪內(nèi)傾角

Deviate 偏離

Positive caster 主銷正傾角

Negative caster 主銷負傾角

  3.6.2 Rear Suspension

  The purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design . Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are most popular .

 3.7 Wheels and Tires

  To maintain grip when a vehicle is traveling at speed over a bumpy surface , a wheel must be light in weight . Also it must be strong , cheap to produce , easy to clan and simple to remove .

3.7.1. Wheels

  The structure of the wheel is shown in Fig . The rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it . Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire in place should it go flat while driving .

 3.7.2. tires

  Tires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and braking power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained with great care .

  There are two basic types of tires – those with inner tubes and those without ( called “tubeless” tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type . Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .

 Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a blend of natural and synthetic rubber .

New Words

Rim 輪緣

Bead 胎邊,輪緣

Hump 凸起

Inner tube 內(nèi)胎

Rayon 人造絲

Polyester 多元脂

Casing plies 簾布層

Rubber chafer 橡膠胎圈 

機械專業(yè)英語詞匯
    陶瓷 ceramics
    合成纖維 synthetic fibre
    電化學腐蝕 electrochemical corrosion
    車架 automotive chassis
    懸架 suspension
    轉(zhuǎn)向器 redirector
    變速器 speed changer
    板料沖壓 sheet metal parts
    孔加工 spot facing machining
    車間 workshop
    工程技術(shù)人員 engineer
    氣動夾緊 pneuma lock
    數(shù)學模型 mathematical model
    畫法幾何 descriptive geometry
    機械制圖 Mechanical drawing
    投影 projection
    視圖 view
    剖視圖 profile chart 
    標準件 standard component
    零件圖 part drawing
    裝配圖 assembly drawing
    尺寸標注 size marking
    技術(shù)要求 technical requirements
    剛度 rigidity
    內(nèi)力 internal force
    位移 displacement 
    截面 section 
    疲勞極限 fatigue limit 
    斷裂 fracture
    塑性變形 plastic distortion
    脆性材料 brittleness material
    剛度準則 rigidity criterion 
    墊圈 washer
    墊片 spacer
    直齒圓柱齒輪 straight toothed spur gear
    斜齒圓柱齒輪 helical-spur gear
    直齒錐齒輪 straight bevel gear 
    運動簡圖 kinematic sketch
    齒輪齒條 pinion and rack 
    蝸桿蝸輪 worm and worm gear
    虛約束 passive constraint
    曲柄 crank
    搖桿 racker
    凸輪 cams
    共軛曲線 conjugate curve
    范成法 generation method 
    定義域 definitional domain
   值域 range
    導數(shù)\\微分 differential coefficient
   求導 derivation 
    定積分 definite integral
   不定積分 indefinite integral
    曲率 curvature
    偏微分 partial differential
    毛坯 rough
    游標卡尺 slide caliper
    千分尺 micrometer calipers 
    攻絲 tap
    二階行列式 second order determinant
    逆矩陣 inverse matrix
    線性方程組 linear equations
    概率 probability
    隨機變量 random variable
    排列組合 permutation and combination
    氣體狀態(tài)方程 equation of state of gas
    動能 kinetic energy
    勢能 potential energy
    機械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy
    動量 momentum
    桁架 truss
    軸線 axes
    余子式 cofactor
    邏輯電路 logic circuit
    觸發(fā)器 flip-flop
    脈沖波形 pulse shape
    數(shù)模 digital analogy 
    液壓傳動機構(gòu) fluid drive mechanism
   機械零件 mechanical parts
    淬火冷卻 quench
    淬火 hardening
    回火 tempering
    調(diào)質(zhì) hardening and tempering 
    磨粒 abrasive grain
    結(jié)合劑 bonding agent
    砂輪 grinding wheel

后角 clearance angle
    龍門刨削 planing
    主軸 spindle
    主軸箱 headstock
    卡盤 chuck
    加工中心 machining center
    車刀 lathe tool 
    車床 lathe
    鉆削 鏜削 bore
    車削 turning
    磨床 grinder
    基準 benchmark
    鉗工 locksmith
    鍛 forge
    壓模 stamping
    焊 weld
    拉床 broaching machine
    拉孔 broaching
    裝配 assembling
    鑄造 found
    流體動力學 fluid dynamics
    流體力學 fluid mechanics
    加工 machining
    液壓 hydraulic pressure
    切線 tangent 
    機電一體化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration
    氣壓 air pressure pneumatic pressure 
    穩(wěn)定性 stability
    介質(zhì) medium
    液壓驅(qū)動泵 fluid clutch
    液壓泵 hydraulic pump
    閥門 valve
    失效 invalidation
    強度 intensity
    載荷 load
    應(yīng)力 stress
    安全系數(shù) safty factor
    可靠性 reliability
    螺紋 thread
    螺旋 helix
    鍵 spline
    銷 pin
    滾動軸承 rolling bearing
    滑動軸承 sliding bearing
    彈簧 spring
    制動器 arrester brake
    十字結(jié)聯(lián)軸節(jié) crosshead
    聯(lián)軸器 coupling
    鏈 chain
    皮帶 strap
    精加工 finish machining
    粗加工 rough machining
    變速箱體 gearbox casing
    腐蝕 rust
    氧化 oxidation
    磨損 wear
    耐用度 durability
    隨機信號 random signal
    離散信號 discrete signal
    超聲傳感器 ultrasonic sensor
    集成電路 integrate circuit
    擋板 orifice plate 
    殘余應(yīng)力 residual stress 
    套筒 sleeve 
    扭力 torsion
    冷加工 cold machining 
    電動機 electromotor 
    汽缸 cylinder 
    過盈配合 interference fit
    熱加工 hotwork
    攝像頭 CCD camera
    倒角 rounding chamfer
    優(yōu)化設(shè)計 optimal design
    工業(yè)造型設(shè)計 industrial moulding design
    有限元 finite element
    滾齒 hobbing
    插齒 gear shaping
    伺服電機 actuating motor
    銑床 milling machine
    鉆床 drill machine
    鏜床 boring machine
    步進電機 stepper motor
    絲杠 screw rod
    導軌 lead rail
    組件 subassembly
    可編程序邏輯控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC
    電火花加工 electric spark machining
    電火花線切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting
    相圖 phase diagram
    熱處理 heat treatment
    固態(tài)相變 solid state phase changes

    有色金屬 nonferrous metal
陶瓷 ceramics
    合成纖維 synthetic fibre
    電化學腐蝕 electrochemical corrosion
    車架 automotive chassis
    懸架 suspension
    轉(zhuǎn)向器 redirector
    變速器 speed changer
    板料沖壓 sheet metal parts
    孔加工 spot facing machining
    車間 workshop
    工程技術(shù)人員 engineer
    氣動夾緊 pneuma lock
    數(shù)學模型 mathematical model
    畫法幾何 descriptive geometry
    機械制圖 Mechanical drawing
    投影 projection
    視圖 view
    剖視圖 profile chart 
    標準件 standard component
    零件圖 part drawing
    裝配圖 assembly drawing
    尺寸標注 size marking
    技術(shù)要求 technical requirements
    剛度 rigidity
    內(nèi)力 internal force
    位移 displacement 
    截面 section 
    疲勞極限 fatigue limit 
    斷裂 fracture
    塑性變形 plastic distortion
    脆性材料 brittleness material
    剛度準則 rigidity criterion 
    墊圈 washer
    墊片 spacer
    直齒圓柱齒輪 straight toothed spur gear
    斜齒圓柱齒輪 helical-spur gear
    直齒錐齒輪 straight bevel gear 
    運動簡圖 kinematic sketch
    齒輪齒條 pinion and rack 
    蝸桿蝸輪 worm and worm gear
    虛約束 passive constraint
    曲柄 crank
    搖桿 racker
    凸輪 cams
    共軛曲線 conjugate curve
    范成法 generation method 
    定義域 definitional domain
    值域 range
    導數(shù)\\微分 differential coefficient
    求導 derivation 
    定積分 definite integral
    不定積分 indefinite integral
    曲率 curvature
    偏微分 partial differential
    毛坯 rough
    游標卡尺 slide caliper
    千分尺 micrometer calipers 
    攻絲 tap
    二階行列式 second order determinant
    逆矩陣 inverse matrix
    線性方程組 linear equations
    概率 probability
    隨機變量 random variable
    排列組合 permutation and combination
    氣體狀態(tài)方程 equation of state of gas
    動能 kinetic energy
    勢能 potential energy
    機械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy
    動量 momentum
    桁架 truss
    軸線 axes
    余子式 cofactor
    邏輯電路 logic circuit
    觸發(fā)器 flip-flop
    脈沖波形 pulse shape
    數(shù)模 digital analogy 
    液壓傳動機構(gòu) fluid drive mechanism
    機械零件 mechanical parts
    淬火冷卻 quench
    淬火 hardening
    回火 tempering
    調(diào)質(zhì) hardening and tempering 
    磨粒 abrasive grain
    結(jié)合劑 bonding agent
    砂輪 grinding wheel

Assembly line 組裝線 
Layout 布置圖 
Conveyer 流水線物料板 
Rivet table 拉釘機 
Rivet gun 拉釘槍 
Screw driver 起子
Pneumatic screw driver 氣動起子 
worktable 工作桌 
OOBA 開箱檢查 
fit together 組裝在一起 
fasten 鎖緊(螺絲) 
fixture 夾具(治具) 
pallet 棧板 
barcode 條碼 
barcode scanner 條碼掃描器 
fuse together 熔合 
fuse machine熱熔機 
repair修理 
operator作業(yè)員 
QC品管 
supervisor 課長 
ME 制造工程師 
MT 制造生技 
cosmetic inspect 外觀檢查 
inner parts inspect 內(nèi)部檢查 
thumb screw 大頭螺絲 
lbs. inch 鎊、英寸 
EMI gasket 導電條 
front plate 前板 
rear plate 后板 
chassis 基座 
bezel panel 面板 
power button 電源按鍵 
reset button 重置鍵 
Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高壓測試 
Voltage switch of SPS 電源電壓接拉鍵 
sheet metal parts 沖件 
plastic parts 塑膠件 
SOP 制造作業(yè)程序 
material check list 物料檢查表 
work cell 工作間 
trolley 臺車 
carton 紙箱 
sub-line 支線 
left fork 叉車 
personnel resource department 人力資源部 
production department生產(chǎn)部門 
planning department企劃部 
QC Section品管科 
stamping factory沖壓廠 
painting factory烤漆廠 
molding factory成型廠 
common equipment常用設(shè)備 
uncoiler and straightener整平機 
punching machine 沖床 
robot機械手 
hydraulic machine油壓機 
lathe車床 
planer |plein|刨床 
miller銑床 
grinder磨床 
linear cutting線切割 
electrical sparkle電火花 
welder電焊機 
staker=reviting machine鉚合機 
position職務(wù) 
president董事長 
general manager總經(jīng)理 
special assistant manager特助 
factory director廠長 
department director部長 
deputy manager | =vice manager副理 
section supervisor課長 
deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副課長 
group leader/supervisor組長 
line supervisor線長 
assistant manager助理 
to move, to carry, to handle搬運 
be put in storage入庫 
pack packing包裝 
to apply oil擦油 
to file burr 銼毛刺 
final inspection終檢 
to connect material接料 
to reverse material 翻料 
wet station沾濕臺 
Tiana天那水 
cleaning cloth抹布 
to load material上料 
to unload material卸料 
to return material/stock to退料 
scraped |\\'skr?pid|報廢 
scrape ..v.刮;削 
deficient purchase來料不良 
manufacture procedure制程 
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 
oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化 
scratch刮傷 
dents壓痕 
defective upsiding down抽芽不良 
defective to staking鉚合不良 
embedded lump鑲塊 
feeding is not in place送料不到位 
stamping-missing漏沖 
production capacity生產(chǎn)力 
education and training教育與訓練 
proposal improvement提案改善 
spare parts=buffer備件 
forklift叉車 
trailer=long vehicle拖板車

compound die合模 
die locker鎖模器 
pressure plate=plate pinch壓板 
bolt螺栓 
administration/general affairs dept總務(wù)部
automatic screwdriver電動啟子 
thickness gauge厚薄規(guī) 
gauge(or jig)治具 
power wire電源線 
buzzle蜂鳴器 
defective product label不良標簽 
identifying sheet list標示單 
location地點 
present members出席人員 
subject主題 
conclusion結(jié)論 
decision items決議事項 
responsible department負責單位 
pre-fixed finishing date預(yù)定完成日 
approved by / checked by / prepared by核準/審核/承辦 
PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE組裝廠生產(chǎn)排配表 
model機鍾 
work order工令 
revision版次 
remark備注 
production control confirmation生產(chǎn)確認 
checked by初審 
approved by核準 
department部門 
stock age analysis sheet 庫存貨齡分析表 
on-hand inventory現(xiàn)有庫存 
available material良品可使用 
obsolete material良品已呆滯 
to be inspected or reworked 待驗或重工 
total合計 
cause description原因說明 
part number/ P/N 料號
type形態(tài) 
item/group/class類別 
quality品質(zhì) 
prepared by制表 notes說明 
year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年終盤點差異分析表 
physical inventory盤點數(shù)量 
physical count quantity帳面數(shù)量 
difference quantity差異量 
cause analysis原因分析 
raw materials原料 
materials物料 
finished product成品 
semi-finished product半成品 
packing materials包材 
good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品 
defective product/non-good parts不良品 
disposed goods處理品 
warehouse/hub倉庫 
on way location在途倉 
oversea location海外倉 
spare parts physical inventory list備品盤點清單 
spare molds location模具備品倉 
skid/pallet棧板 
tox machine自鉚機 
wire EDM線割 
EDM放電機 
coil stock卷料 
sheet stock片料 
tolerance工差 
score=groove壓線 
cam block滑塊 
pilot導正筒 
trim剪外邊 
pierce剪內(nèi)邊 
drag form壓鍛差 
pocket for the punch head掛鉤槽 
slug hole廢料孔 
feature die公母模 
expansion dwg展開圖 
radius半徑 
shim(wedge)楔子 
torch-flame cut火焰切割 
set screw止付螺絲 
form block折刀 
stop pin定位銷 
round pierce punch=die button圓沖子 
shape punch=die insert異形子 
stock locater block定位塊 
under cut=scrap chopper清角 
active plate活動板 
baffle plate擋塊 
cover plate蓋板 
male die公模 
female die母模 
groove punch壓線沖子 
air-cushion eject-rod氣墊頂桿 
spring-box eject-plate彈簧箱頂板 
bushing block襯套 
insert 入塊 
club car高爾夫球車 
capability能力 
parameter參數(shù) 
factor系數(shù) 
phosphate皮膜化成 
viscosity涂料粘度 
alkalidipping脫脂 
main manifold主集流脈 
bezel斜視規(guī) 
blanking穿落模 
dejecting頂固模 
demagnetization去磁;消磁 
high-speed transmission高速傳遞 
heat dissipation熱傳 rack上料 
degrease脫脂 
rinse水洗 
alkaline etch齡咬 
desmut剝黑膜 
D.I. rinse純水次 
Chromate鉻酸處理 
Anodize陽性處理 
seal封孔 
revision版次 
part number/P/N料號 
good products良品 
scraped products報放心品 
defective products不良品 
finished products成品 
disposed products處理品 
barcode條碼 
flow chart流程表單 
assembly組裝 
stamping沖壓

molding成型 
spare parts=buffer備品 
coordinate座標 
dismantle the die折模 
auxiliary fuction輔助功能 
poly-line多義線 
heater band 加熱片 
thermocouple熱電偶 
sand blasting噴沙 
grit 砂礫 
derusting machine除銹機 
degate打澆口 
dryer烘干機 
induction感應(yīng) 
induction light感應(yīng)光
response=reaction=interaction感應(yīng) 
ram連桿 
edge finder巡邊器 
concave凸 
convex凹 
short射料不足 
nick缺口 
speck瑕?? 
shine亮班 
splay 銀紋 
gas mark焦痕 
delamination起鱗 
cold slug冷塊 
blush 導色 
gouge溝槽;鑿槽 
satin texture段面咬花 
witness line證示線 
patent專利 
grit沙礫 
granule=peuet=grain細粒 
grit maker抽粒機 
cushion緩沖 
magnalium鎂鋁合金 
magnesium鎂金 
metal plate鈑金 
lathe車 mill銼 
plane刨 
grind磨 
drill鋁 
boring鏜 
blinster氣泡 
fillet鑲;嵌邊 
through-hole form通孔形式 
voller pin formality滾針形式 
cam driver鍘楔 
shank摸柄 
crank shaft曲柄軸 
augular offset角度偏差 
velocity速度
production tempo生產(chǎn)進度現(xiàn)狀 
torque扭矩 
spline=the multiple keys花鍵 
quenching淬火 
tempering回火 
annealing退火 
carbonization碳化 
tungsten high speed steel鎢高速的 
moly high speed steel鉬高速的 
organic solvent有機溶劑 
bracket小磁導 
liaison聯(lián)絡(luò)單 
volatile揮發(fā)性 
resistance電阻 
ion離子 
titrator滴定儀 
beacon警示燈 
coolant冷卻液 
crusher破碎機

阿基米德蝸桿 Archimedes worm
安全系數(shù) safety factor; factor of safety
安全載荷 safe load
凹面、凹度 concavity
扳手 wrench 
板簧 flat leaf spring 
半圓鍵 woodruff key
變形 deformation
擺桿 oscillating bar
擺動從動件 oscillating follower
擺動從動件凸輪機構(gòu) cam with oscillating follower
擺動導桿機構(gòu) oscillating guide-bar mechanism
擺線齒輪 cycloidal gear
擺線齒形 cycloidal tooth profile
擺線運動規(guī)律 cycloidal motion
擺線針輪 cycloidal-pin wheel
包角 angle of contact
保持架 cage
背對背安裝 back-to-back arrangement
背錐 back cone ； normal cone
背錐角 back angle
背錐距 back cone distance
比例尺 scale
比熱容 specific heat capacity
閉式鏈 closed kinematic chain
閉鏈機構(gòu) closed chain mechanism
臂部 arm
變頻器 frequency converters
變頻調(diào)速 frequency control of motor speed
變速 speed change
變速齒輪 change gear change wheel
變位齒輪 modified gear
變位系數(shù) modification coefficient
標準齒輪 standard gear
標準直齒輪 standard spur gear
表面質(zhì)量系數(shù) superficial mass factor
表面?zhèn)鳠嵯禂?shù) surface coefficient of heat transfer
表面粗糙度 surface roughness
并聯(lián)式組合 combination in parallel
并聯(lián)機構(gòu) parallel mechanism
并聯(lián)組合機構(gòu) parallel combined mechanism
并行工程 concurrent engineering
并行設(shè)計 concurred design, CD
不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance
不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance)
不平衡量 amount of unbalance
不完全齒輪機構(gòu) intermittent gearing
波發(fā)生器 wave generator
波數(shù) number of waves
補償 compensation
參數(shù)化設(shè)計 parameterization design, PD
殘余應(yīng)力 residual stress
操縱及控制裝置 operation control device
槽輪 Geneva wheel
槽輪機構(gòu) Geneva mechanism ； Maltese cross
槽數(shù) Geneva numerate
槽凸輪 groove cam
側(cè)隙 backlash
差動輪系 differential gear train
差動螺旋機構(gòu) differential screw mechanism
差速器 differential
常用機構(gòu) conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use
車床 lathe
承載量系數(shù) bearing capacity factor
承載能力 bearing capacity
成對安裝 paired mounting
尺寸系列 dimension series
齒槽 tooth space
齒槽寬 spacewidth
齒側(cè)間隙 backlash
齒頂高 addendum
齒頂圓 addendum circle
齒根高 dedendum
齒根圓 dedendum circle
齒厚 tooth thickness
齒距 circular pitch
齒寬 face width
齒廓 tooth profile
齒廓曲線 tooth curve
齒輪 gear
齒輪變速箱 speed-changing gear boxes
齒輪齒條機構(gòu) pinion and rack
齒輪插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter
齒輪滾刀 hob ,hobbing cutter
齒輪機構(gòu) gear
齒輪輪坯 blank
齒輪傳動系 pinion unit
齒輪聯(lián)軸器 gear coupling
齒條傳動 rack gear
齒數(shù) tooth number
齒數(shù)比 gear ratio
齒條 rack
齒條插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter
齒形鏈、無聲鏈 silent chain
齒形系數(shù) form factor
齒式棘輪機構(gòu) tooth ratchet mechanism
插齒機 gear shaper
重合點 coincident points
重合度 contact ratio
沖床 punch
傳動比 transmission ratio, speed ratio
傳動裝置 gearing; transmission gear
傳動系統(tǒng) driven system
傳動角 transmission angle
傳動軸 transmission shaft
串聯(lián)式組合 combination in series
串聯(lián)式組合機構(gòu) series combined mechanism
串級調(diào)速 cascade speed control
創(chuàng)新 innovation creation
創(chuàng)新設(shè)計 creation design
垂直載荷、法向載荷 normal load
唇形橡膠密封 lip rubber seal
磁流體軸承 magnetic fluid bearing
從動帶輪 driven pulley
從動件 driven link, follower
從動件平底寬度 width of flat-face
從動件停歇 follower dwell
從動件運動規(guī)律 follower motion
從動輪 driven gear
粗線 bold line
粗牙螺紋 coarse thread
大齒輪 gear wheel
打包機 packer
打滑 slipping
帶傳動 belt driving
帶輪 belt pulley
帶式制動器 band brake
單列軸承 single row bearing
單向推力軸承 single-direction thrust bearing
單萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié) single universal joint
單位矢量 unit vector
當量齒輪 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear
當量齒數(shù) equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth
當量摩擦系數(shù) equivalent coefficient of friction
當量載荷 equivalent load
刀具 cutter
導數(shù) derivative
倒角 chamfer
導熱性 conduction of heat
導程 lead
導程角 lead angle
等加等減速運動規(guī)律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion
等速運動規(guī)律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion
等徑凸輪 conjugate yoke radial cam
等寬凸輪 constant-breadth cam
等效構(gòu)件 equivalent link
等效力 equivalent force
等效力矩 equivalent moment of force
等效量 equivalent
等效質(zhì)量 equivalent mass
等效轉(zhuǎn)動慣量 equivalent moment of inertia
等效動力學模型 dynamically equivalent model
底座 chassis
低副 lower pair
點劃線 chain dotted line
（疲勞）點蝕 pitting
墊圈 gasket
墊片密封 gasket seal
碟形彈簧 belleville spring
頂隙 bottom clearance
定軸輪系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes
動力學 dynamics
動密封 kinematical seal
動能 dynamic energy
動力粘度 dynamic viscosity
動力潤滑 dynamic lubrication
動平衡 dynamic balance
動平衡機 dynamic balancing machine
動態(tài)特性 dynamic characteristics
動態(tài)分析設(shè)計 dynamic analysis design
動壓力 dynamic reaction
動載荷 dynamic load
端面 transverse plane
端面參數(shù) transverse parameters
端面齒距 transverse circular pitch
端面齒廓 transverse tooth profile
端面重合度 transverse contact ratio
端面模數(shù) transverse module
端面壓力角 transverse pressure angle
鍛造 forge
對稱循環(huán)應(yīng)力 symmetry circulating stress
對心滾子從動件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower
對心直動從動件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower
對心移動從動件 radial reciprocating follower
對心曲柄滑塊機構(gòu) in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism
多列軸承 multi-row bearing
多楔帶 poly V-belt
多項式運動規(guī)律 polynomial motion
多質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)子 rotor with several masses
惰輪 idle gear
額定壽命 rating life
額定載荷 load rating
II 級桿組 dyad
發(fā)生線 generating line 
發(fā)生面 generating plane 
法面 normal plane
法面參數(shù) normal parameters
法面齒距 normal circular pitch
法面模數(shù) normal module
法面壓力角 normal pressure angle
法向齒距 normal pitch
法向齒廓 normal tooth profile
法向直廓蝸桿 straight sided normal worm
法向力 normal force
反饋式組合 feedback combining
反向運動學 inverse ( or backward) kinematics
反轉(zhuǎn)法 kinematic inversion
反正切 Arctan
范成法 generating cutting
仿形法 form cutting
方案設(shè)計、概念設(shè)計 concept design, CD
防振裝置 shockproof device
飛輪 flywheel
飛輪矩 moment of flywheel
非標準齒輪 nonstandard gear
非接觸式密封 non-contact seal
非周期性速度波動 aperiodic speed fluctuation
非圓齒輪 non-circular gear
粉末合金 powder metallurgy
分度線 reference line; standard pitch line
分度圓 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle
分度圓柱導程角 lead angle at reference cylinder
分度圓柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder
分母 denominator
分子 numerator
分度圓錐 reference cone; standard pitch cone
分析法 analytical method
封閉差動輪系 planetary differential
復合鉸鏈 compound hinge
復合式組合 compound combining
復合輪系 compound (or combined) gear train
復合平帶 compound flat belt
復合應(yīng)力 combined stress
復式螺旋機構(gòu) Compound screw mechanism
復雜機構(gòu)   complex mechanism
桿組 Assur group 
干涉 interference 
剛度系數(shù) stiffness coefficient
剛輪 rigid circular spline
鋼絲軟軸 wire soft shaft
剛體導引機構(gòu) body guidance mechanism
剛性沖擊 rigid impulse (shock)
剛性轉(zhuǎn)子 rigid rotor
剛性軸承 rigid bearing
剛性聯(lián)軸器 rigid coupling
高度系列 height series
高速帶 high speed belt
高副 higher pair
格拉曉夫定理 Grashoff`s law
根切 undercutting
公稱直徑 nominal diameter
高度系列 height series
功 work
工況系數(shù) application factor
工藝設(shè)計 technological design
工作循環(huán)圖 working cycle diagram
工作機構(gòu) operation mechanism
工作載荷 external loads
工作空間 working space
工作應(yīng)力 working stress
工作阻力 effective resistance
工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment
公法線 common normal line
公共約束 general constraint
公制齒輪 metric gears
功率 power
功能分析設(shè)計 function analyses design
共軛齒廓 conjugate profiles
共軛凸輪 conjugate cam
構(gòu)件 link
鼓風機 blower
固定構(gòu)件 fixed link; frame
固體潤滑劑 solid lubricant
關(guān)節(jié)型操作器 jointed manipulator
慣性力 inertia force
慣性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment
慣性力平衡 balance of shaking force
慣性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force
慣性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force
慣性主矩 resultant moment of inertia
慣性主失 resultant vector of inertia
冠輪 crown gear
廣義機構(gòu) generation mechanism
廣義坐標 generalized coordinate
軌跡生成 path generation
軌跡發(fā)生器 path generator
滾刀 hob
滾道 raceway
滾動體 rolling element
滾動軸承 rolling bearing
滾動軸承代號 rolling bearing identification code
滾針 needle roller
滾針軸承 needle roller bearing
滾子 roller
滾子軸承 roller bearing
滾子半徑 radius of roller
滾子從動件 roller follower
滾子鏈 roller chain
滾子鏈聯(lián)軸器 double roller chain coupling
滾珠絲桿 ball screw
滾柱式單向超越離合器 roller clutch
過度切割 undercutting
函數(shù)發(fā)生器 function generator 
函數(shù)生成 function generation 
含油軸承 oil bearing
耗油量 oil consumption
耗油量系數(shù) oil consumption factor
赫茲公式 H. Hertz equation
合成彎矩 resultant bending moment
合力 resultant force
合力矩 resultant moment of force
黑箱 black box
橫坐標 abscissa
互換性齒輪 interchangeable gears
花鍵 spline
滑鍵、導鍵 feather key
滑動軸承 sliding bearing
滑動率 sliding ratio
滑塊 slider
環(huán)面蝸桿 toroid helicoids worm
環(huán)形彈簧 annular spring
緩沖裝置 shocks; shock-absorber
灰鑄鐵 grey cast iron
回程 return
回轉(zhuǎn)體平衡 balance of rotors
混合輪系   compound gear train
積分 integrate 
機電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 mechanical-electrical integration system design 
機構(gòu) mechanism
機構(gòu)分析 analysis of mechanism
機構(gòu)平衡 balance of mechanism
機構(gòu)學 mechanism
機構(gòu)運動設(shè)計 kinematic design of mechanism
機構(gòu)運動簡圖 kinematic sketch of mechanism
機構(gòu)綜合 synthesis of mechanism
機構(gòu)組成 constitution of mechanism
機架 frame, fixed link
機架變換 kinematic inversion
機器 machine
機器人 robot
機器人操作器 manipulator
機器人學 robotics
技術(shù)過程 technique process
技術(shù)經(jīng)濟評價 technical and economic evaluation
技術(shù)系統(tǒng) technique system
機械 machinery
機械創(chuàng)新設(shè)計 mechanical creation design, MCD
機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 mechanical system design, MSD
機械動力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery
機械動力設(shè)計 dynamic design of machinery
機械動力學 dynamics of machinery
機械的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計 modern machine design
機械系統(tǒng) mechanical system
機械利益 mechanical advantage
機械平衡 balance of machinery
機械手 manipulator
機械設(shè)計 machine design; mechanical design
機械特性 mechanical behavior
機械調(diào)速 mechanical speed governors
機械效率 mechanical efficiency
機械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms
機械運轉(zhuǎn)不均勻系數(shù) coefficient of speed fluctuation
機械無級變速 mechanical stepless speed changes
基礎(chǔ)機構(gòu) fundamental mechanism
基本額定壽命 basic rating life
基于實例設(shè)計 case-based design,CBD
基圓 base circle
基圓半徑 radius of base circle
基圓齒距 base pitch
基圓壓力角 pressure angle of base circle
基圓柱 base cylinder
基圓錐 base cone
急回機構(gòu) quick-return mechanism
急回特性 quick-return characteristics
急回系數(shù) advance-to return-time ratio
急回運動 quick-return motion
棘輪 ratchet
棘輪機構(gòu) ratchet mechanism
棘爪 pawl
極限位置 extreme (or limiting) position
極位夾角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions
計算機輔助設(shè)計 computer aided design, CAD
計算機輔助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM
計算機集成制造系統(tǒng) computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS
計算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment
計算彎矩 calculated bending moment
加權(quán)系數(shù) weighting efficient
加速度 acceleration
加速度分析 acceleration analysis
加速度曲線 acceleration diagram
尖點 pointing; cusp
尖底從動件 knife-edge follower
間隙 backlash
間歇運動機構(gòu) intermittent motion mechanism
減速比 reduction ratio
減速齒輪、減速裝置 reduction gear
減速器 speed reducer
減摩性 anti-friction quality
漸開螺旋面 involute helicoid
漸開線 involute
漸開線齒廓 involute profile
漸開線齒輪 involute gear
漸開線發(fā)生線 generating line of involute
漸開線方程 involute equation
漸開線函數(shù) involute function
漸開線蝸桿 involute worm
漸開線壓力角 pressure angle of involute
漸開線花鍵 involute spline
簡諧運動 simple harmonic motion
鍵 key
鍵槽 keyway
交變應(yīng)力 repeated stress
交變載荷 repeated fluctuating load
交叉帶傳動 cross-belt drive
交錯軸斜齒輪 crossed helical gears
膠合 scoring
角加速度 angular acceleration
角速度 angular velocity
角速比 angular velocity ratio
角接觸球軸承 angular contact ball bearing
角接觸推力軸承 angular contact thrust bearing
角接觸向心軸承 angular contact radial bearing
角接觸軸承 angular contact bearing
鉸鏈、樞紐 hinge
校正平面 correcting plane
接觸應(yīng)力 contact stress
接觸式密封 contact seal
階梯軸 multi-diameter shaft
結(jié)構(gòu) structure
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 structural design
截面 section
節(jié)點 pitch point
節(jié)距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth
節(jié)線 pitch line
節(jié)圓 pitch circle
節(jié)圓齒厚 thickness on pitch circle
節(jié)圓直徑 pitch diameter
節(jié)圓錐 pitch cone
節(jié)圓錐角 pitch cone angle
解析設(shè)計 analytical design
緊邊 tight-side
緊固件 fastener
徑節(jié) diametral pitch
徑向 radial direction
徑向當量動載荷 dynamic equivalent radial load
徑向當量靜載荷 static equivalent radial load
徑向基本額定動載荷 basic dynamic radial load rating
徑向基本額定靜載荷 basic static radial load tating
徑向接觸軸承 radial contact bearing
徑向平面 radial plane
徑向游隙 radial internal clearance
徑向載荷 radial load
徑向載荷系數(shù) radial load factor
徑向間隙 clearance
靜力 static force
靜平衡 static balance
靜載荷 static load
靜密封 static seal
局部自由度 passive degree of freedom
矩陣 matrix
矩形螺紋 square threaded form
鋸齒形螺紋 buttress thread form
矩形牙嵌式離合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch
絕對尺寸系數(shù) absolute dimensional factor
絕對運動 absolute motion
絕對速度 absolute velocity
均衡裝置 load balancing mechanism
抗壓強度 compression strength 
開口傳動 open-belt drive 
開式鏈 open kinematic chain
開鏈機構(gòu) open chain mechanism
可靠度 degree of reliability
可靠性 reliability
可靠性設(shè)計 reliability design, RD
空氣彈簧 air spring
空間機構(gòu) spatial mechanism
空間連桿機構(gòu) spatial linkage
空間凸輪機構(gòu) spatial cam
空間運動副 spatial kinematic pair
空間運動鏈 spatial kinematic chain
空轉(zhuǎn) idle
寬度系列 width series
框圖 block diagram
雷諾方程 Reynolds‘s equation 
離心力 centrifugal force 
離心應(yīng)力 centrifugal stress
離合器 clutch
離心密封 centrifugal seal
理論廓線 pitch curve
理論嚙合線 theoretical line of action
隸屬度 membership
力 force
力多邊形 force polygon
力封閉型凸輪機構(gòu) force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism
力矩 moment
力平衡 equilibrium
力偶 couple
力偶矩 moment of couple
連桿 connecting rod, coupler
連桿機構(gòu) linkage
連桿曲線 coupler-curve
連心線 line of centers
鏈 chain
鏈傳動裝置 chain gearing
鏈輪 sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel
聯(lián)組 V 帶 tight-up V belt
聯(lián)軸器 coupling shaft coupling
兩維凸輪 two-dimensional cam
臨界轉(zhuǎn)速 critical speed
六桿機構(gòu) six-bar linkage
龍門刨床 double Haas planer
輪坯 blank
輪系 gear train
螺桿 screw
螺距 thread pitch
螺母 screw nut
螺旋錐齒輪 helical bevel gear
螺釘 screws
螺栓 bolts
螺紋導程 lead
螺紋效率 screw efficiency
螺旋傳動 power screw
螺旋密封 spiral seal
螺紋 thread (of a screw)
螺旋副 helical pair
螺旋機構(gòu) screw mechanism
螺旋角 helix angle
螺旋線 helix ,helical line
綠色設(shè)計 green design design for environment
馬耳他機構(gòu) Geneva wheel Geneva gear 
馬耳他十字 Maltese cross 
脈動無級變速 pulsating stepless speed changes
脈動循環(huán)應(yīng)力 fluctuating circulating stress
脈動載荷 fluctuating load
鉚釘 rivet
迷宮密封 labyrinth seal
密封 seal
密封帶 seal belt
密封膠 seal gum
密封元件 potted component
密封裝置 sealing arrangement
面對面安裝 face-to-face arrangement
面向產(chǎn)品生命周期設(shè)計 design for product`s life cycle, DPLC
名義應(yīng)力、公稱應(yīng)力 nominal stress
模塊化設(shè)計 modular design, MD
模塊式傳動系統(tǒng) modular system
模幅箱 morphology box
模糊集 fuzzy set
模糊評價 fuzzy evaluation
模數(shù) module
摩擦 friction
摩擦角 friction angle
摩擦力 friction force
摩擦學設(shè)計 tribology design, TD
摩擦阻力 frictional resistance
摩擦力矩 friction moment
摩擦系數(shù) coefficient of friction
摩擦圓 friction circle
磨損 abrasion wear; scratching
末端執(zhí)行器 end-effector
目標函數(shù) objective function
耐腐蝕性 corrosion resistance 
耐磨性 wear resistance 
撓性機構(gòu) mechanism with flexible elements
撓性轉(zhuǎn)子 flexible rotor
內(nèi)齒輪 internal gear
內(nèi)齒圈 ring gear
內(nèi)力 internal force
內(nèi)圈 inner ring
能量 energy
能量指示圖 viscosity
逆時針 counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)
嚙出 engaging-out
嚙合 engagement, mesh, gearing
嚙合點 contact points
嚙合角 working pressure angle
嚙合線 line of action
嚙合線長度 length of line of action
嚙入 engaging-in
牛頭刨床 shaper
凝固點 freezing point; solidifying point
扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 torsion stress
扭矩 moment of torque
扭簧 helical torsion spring
諾模圖 Nomogram
O 形密封圈密封 O ring seal
盤形凸輪 disk cam 
盤形轉(zhuǎn)子 disk-like rotor 
拋物線運動 parabolic motion
疲勞極限 fatigue limit
疲勞強度 fatigue strength
偏置式 offset
偏 ( 心 ) 距 offset distance
偏心率 eccentricity ratio
偏心質(zhì)量 eccentric mass
偏距圓 offset circle
偏心盤 eccentric
偏置滾子從動件 offset roller follower
偏置尖底從動件 offset knife-edge follower
偏置曲柄滑塊機構(gòu) offset slider-crank mechanism
拼接 matching
評價與決策 evaluation and decision
頻率 frequency
平帶 flat belt
平帶傳動 flat belt driving
平底從動件 flat-face follower
平底寬度 face width
平分線 bisector
平均應(yīng)力 average stress
平均中徑 mean screw diameter
平均速度 average velocity
平衡 balance
平衡機 balancing machine
平衡品質(zhì) balancing quality
平衡平面 correcting plane
平衡質(zhì)量 balancing mass
平衡重 counterweight
平衡轉(zhuǎn)速 balancing speed
平面副 planar pair, flat pair
平面機構(gòu) planar mechanism
平面運動副 planar kinematic pair
平面連桿機構(gòu) planar linkage
平面凸輪 planar cam
平面凸輪機構(gòu) planar cam mechanism
平面軸斜齒輪 parallel helical gears
普通平鍵 parallel key
其他常用機構(gòu) other mechanism in common use 
起動階段 starting period 
啟動力矩 starting torque
氣動機構(gòu) pneumatic mechanism
奇異位置 singular position
起始嚙合點 initial contact , beginning of contact
氣體軸承 gas bearing
千斤頂 jack
嵌入鍵 sunk key
強迫振動 forced vibration
切齒深度 depth of cut
曲柄 crank
曲柄存在條件 Grashoff`s law
曲柄導桿機構(gòu) crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism
曲柄滑塊機構(gòu) slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism
曲柄搖桿機構(gòu) crank-rocker mechanism
曲齒錐齒輪 spiral bevel gear
曲率 curvature
曲率半徑 radius of curvature
曲面從動件 curved-shoe follower
曲線拼接 curve matching
曲線運動 curvilinear motion
曲軸 crank shaft
驅(qū)動力 driving force
驅(qū)動力矩 driving moment (torque)
全齒高 whole depth
權(quán)重集 weight sets
球 ball
球面滾子 convex roller
球軸承 ball bearing
球面副 spheric pair
球面漸開線 spherical involute
球面運動 spherical motion
球銷副 sphere-pin pair
球坐標操作器 polar coordinate manipulator
燃點 spontaneous ignition 
熱平衡 heat balance; thermal equilibrium 
人字齒輪 herringbone gear
冗余自由度 redundant degree of freedom
柔輪 flexspline
柔性沖擊 flexible impulse; soft shock
柔性制造系統(tǒng) flexible manufacturing system; FMS
柔性自動化 flexible automation
潤滑油膜 lubricant film
潤滑裝置 lubrication device
潤滑 lubrication
潤滑劑 lubricant
三角形花鍵 serration spline 
三角形螺紋 V thread screw 
三維凸輪 three-dimensional cam
三心定理 Kennedy`s theorem
砂輪越程槽 grinding wheel groove
砂漏 hour-glass
少齒差行星傳動 planetary drive with small teeth difference
設(shè)計方法學 design methodology
設(shè)計變量 design variable
設(shè)計約束 design constraints
深溝球軸承 deep groove ball bearing
生產(chǎn)阻力 productive resistance
升程 rise
升距 lift
實際廓線 cam profile
十字滑塊聯(lián)軸器 double slider coupling; Oldham‘s coupling
矢量 vector
輸出功 output work
輸出構(gòu)件 output link
輸出機構(gòu) output mechanism
輸出力矩 output torque
輸出軸 output shaft
輸入構(gòu)件 input link
數(shù)學模型 mathematic model
實際嚙合線 actual line of action
雙滑塊機構(gòu) double-slider mechanism, ellipsograph
雙曲柄機構(gòu) double crank mechanism
雙曲面齒輪 hyperboloid gear
雙頭螺柱 studs
雙萬向聯(lián)軸節(jié) constant-velocity (or double) universal joint
雙搖桿機構(gòu) double rocker mechanism
雙轉(zhuǎn)塊機構(gòu) Oldham coupling
雙列軸承 double row bearing
雙向推力軸承 double-direction thrust bearing
松邊 slack-side
順時針 clockwise
瞬心 instantaneous center
死點 dead point
四桿機構(gòu) four-bar linkage
速度 velocity
速度不均勻 ( 波動 ) 系數(shù) coefficient of speed fluctuation
速度波動 speed fluctuation
速度曲線 velocity diagram
速度瞬心 instantaneous center of velocity
塔輪 step pulley 
踏板 pedal 
臺鉗、虎鉗 vice
太陽輪 sun gear
彈性滑動 elasticity sliding motion
彈性聯(lián)軸器 elastic coupling flexible coupling
彈性套柱銷聯(lián)軸器 rubber-cushioned sleeve bearing coupling
套筒 sleeve
梯形螺紋 acme thread form
特殊運動鏈 special kinematic chain
特性 characteristics
替代機構(gòu) equivalent mechanism
調(diào)節(jié) modulation, regulation
調(diào)心滾子軸承 self-aligning roller bearing
調(diào)心球軸承 self-aligning ball bearing
調(diào)心軸承 self-aligning bearing
調(diào)速 speed governing
調(diào)速電動機 adjustable speed motors
調(diào)速系統(tǒng) speed control system
調(diào)壓調(diào)速 variable voltage control
調(diào)速器 regulator, governor
鐵磁流體密封 ferrofluid seal
停車階段 stopping phase
停歇 dwell
同步帶 synchronous belt
同步帶傳動 synchronous belt drive
凸的，凸面體 convex
凸輪 cam
凸輪倒置機構(gòu) inverse cam mechanism
凸輪機構(gòu) cam , cam mechanism
凸輪廓線 cam profile
凸輪廓線繪制 layout of cam profile
凸輪理論廓線 pitch curve
凸緣聯(lián)軸器 flange coupling
圖冊、圖譜 atlas
圖解法 graphical method
推程 rise
推力球軸承 thrust ball bearing
推力軸承 thrust bearing
退刀槽 tool withdrawal groove
退火 anneal
陀螺儀 gyroscope
V 帶 V belt
外力 external force 
外圈 outer ring 
外形尺寸 boundary dimension
萬向聯(lián)軸器 Hooks coupling universal coupling
外齒輪 external gear
彎曲應(yīng)力 beading stress
彎矩 bending moment
腕部 wrist
往復移動 reciprocating motion
往復式密封 reciprocating seal
網(wǎng)上設(shè)計 on-net design, OND
微動螺旋機構(gòu) differential screw mechanism
位移 displacement
位移曲線 displacement diagram
位姿 pose , position and orientation
穩(wěn)定運轉(zhuǎn)階段 steady motion period
穩(wěn)健設(shè)計 robust design
蝸桿 worm
蝸桿傳動機構(gòu) worm gearing
蝸桿頭數(shù) number of threads
蝸桿直徑系數(shù) diametral quotient
蝸桿蝸輪機構(gòu) worm and worm gear
蝸桿形凸輪步進機構(gòu) worm cam interval mechanism
蝸桿旋向 hands of worm
蝸輪 worm gear
渦圈形盤簧 power spring
無級變速裝置 stepless speed changes devices
無窮大 infinite
系桿 crank arm, planet carrier 
現(xiàn)場平衡 field balancing 
向心軸承 radial bearing
向心力 centrifugal force
相對速度 relative velocity
相對運動 relative motion
相對間隙 relative gap
象限 quadrant
橡皮泥 plasticine
細牙螺紋 fine threads
銷 pin
消耗 consumption
小齒輪 pinion
小徑 minor diameter
橡膠彈簧 balata spring
修正梯形加速度運動規(guī)律 modified trapezoidal acceleration motion
修正正弦加速度運動規(guī)律 modified sine acceleration motion
斜齒圓柱齒輪 helical gear
斜鍵、鉤頭楔鍵 taper key
泄漏 leakage
諧波齒輪 harmonic gear
諧波傳動 harmonic driving
諧波發(fā)生器 harmonic generator
斜齒輪的當量直齒輪 equivalent spur gear of the helical gear
心軸 spindle
行程速度變化系數(shù) coefficient of travel speed variation
行程速比系數(shù) advance-to return-time ratio
行星齒輪裝置 planetary transmission
行星輪 planet gear
行星輪變速裝置 planetary speed changing devices
行星輪系 planetary gear train
形封閉凸輪機構(gòu) positive-drive (or form-closed) cam mechanism
虛擬現(xiàn)實 virtual reality
虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù) virtual reality technology, VRT
虛擬現(xiàn)實設(shè)計 virtual reality design, VRD
虛約束 redundant (or passive) constraint
許用不平衡量 allowable amount of unbalance
許用壓力角 allowable pressure angle
許用應(yīng)力 allowable stress; permissible stress
懸臂結(jié)構(gòu) cantilever structure
懸臂梁 cantilever beam
循環(huán)功率流 circulating power load
旋轉(zhuǎn)力矩 running torque
旋轉(zhuǎn)式密封 rotating seal
旋轉(zhuǎn)運動 rotary motion
選型 type selection
壓力 pressure 
壓力中心 center of pressure 
壓縮機 compressor
壓應(yīng)力 compressive stress
壓力角 pressure angle
牙嵌式聯(lián)軸器 jaw (teeth) positive-contact coupling
雅可比矩陣 Jacobi matrix
搖桿 rocker
液力傳動 hydrodynamic drive
液力耦合器 hydraulic couplers
液體彈簧 liquid spring
液壓無級變速 hydraulic stepless speed changes
液壓機構(gòu) hydraulic mechanism
一般化運動鏈 generalized kinematic chain
移動從動件 reciprocating follower
移動副 prismatic pair, sliding pair
移動關(guān)節(jié) prismatic joint
移動凸輪 wedge cam
盈虧功 increment or decrement work
應(yīng)力幅 stress amplitude
應(yīng)力集中 stress concentration
應(yīng)力集中系數(shù) factor of stress concentration
應(yīng)力圖 stress diagram
應(yīng)力 — 應(yīng)變圖 stress-strain diagram
優(yōu)化設(shè)計 optimal design
油杯 oil bottle
油壺 oil can
油溝密封 oily ditch seal
有害阻力 useless resistance
有益阻力 useful resistance
有效拉力 effective tension
有效圓周力 effective circle force
有害阻力 detrimental resistance
余弦加速度運動 cosine acceleration (or simple harmonic) motion
預(yù)緊力 preload
原動機 primer mover
圓帶 round belt
圓帶傳動 round belt drive
圓弧齒厚 circular thickness
圓弧圓柱蝸桿 hollow flank worm
圓角半徑 fillet radius
圓盤摩擦離合器 disc friction clutch
圓盤制動器 disc brake
原動機 prime mover
原始機構(gòu) original mechanism
圓形齒輪 circular gear
圓柱滾子 cylindrical roller
圓柱滾子軸承 cylindrical roller bearing
圓柱副 cylindric pair
圓柱式凸輪步進運動機構(gòu) barrel (cylindric) cam
圓柱螺旋拉伸彈簧 cylindroid helical-coil extension spring
圓柱螺旋扭轉(zhuǎn)彈簧 cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring
圓柱螺旋壓縮彈簧 cylindroid helical-coil compression spring
圓柱凸輪 cylindrical cam
圓柱蝸桿 cylindrical worm
圓柱坐標操作器 cylindrical coordinate manipulator
圓錐螺旋扭轉(zhuǎn)彈簧 conoid helical-coil compression spring
圓錐滾子 tapered roller
圓錐滾子軸承 tapered roller bearing
圓錐齒輪機構(gòu) bevel gears
圓錐角 cone angle
原動件 driving link
約束 constraint
約束條件 constraint condition
約束反力 constraining force
躍度 jerk
躍度曲線 jerk diagram
運動倒置 kinematic inversion
運動方案設(shè)計 kinematic precept design
運動分析 kinematic analysis
運動副 kinematic pair
運動構(gòu)件 moving link
運動簡圖 kinematic sketch
運動鏈 kinematic chain
運動失真 undercutting
運動設(shè)計 kinematic design
運動周期 cycle of motion
運動綜合 kinematic synthesis
運轉(zhuǎn)不均勻系數(shù) coefficient of velocity fluctuation
運動粘度 kenematic viscosity
載荷 load 
載荷 — 變形曲線 load—deformation curve 
載荷 — 變形圖 load—deformation diagram
窄 V 帶 narrow V belt
氈圈密封 felt ring seal
展成法 generating
張緊力 tension
張緊輪 tension pulley
振動 vibration
振動力矩 shaking couple
振動頻率 frequency of vibration
振幅 amplitude of vibration
正切機構(gòu) tangent mechanism
正向運動學 direct (forward) kinematics
正弦機構(gòu) sine generator, scotch yoke
織布機 loom
正應(yīng)力、法向應(yīng)力 normal stress
制動器 brake
直齒圓柱齒輪 spur gear
直齒錐齒輪 straight bevel gear
直角三角形 right triangle
直角坐標操作器 Cartesian coordinate manipulator
直徑系數(shù) diametral quotient
直徑系列 diameter series
直廓環(huán)面蝸桿 hindley worm
直線運動 linear motion
直軸 straight shaft
質(zhì)量 mass
質(zhì)心 center of mass
執(zhí)行構(gòu)件 executive link; working link
質(zhì)徑積 mass-radius product
智能化設(shè)計 intelligent design, ID
中間平面 mid-plane
中心距 center distance
中心距變動 center distance change
中心輪 central gear
中徑 mean diameter
終止嚙合點 final contact, end of contact
周節(jié) pitch
周期性速度波動 periodic speed fluctuation
周轉(zhuǎn)輪系 epicyclic gear train
肘形機構(gòu) toggle mechanism
軸 shaft
軸承蓋 bearing cup
軸承合金 bearing alloy
軸承座 bearing block
軸承高度 bearing height
軸承寬度 bearing width
軸承內(nèi)徑 bearing bore diameter
軸承壽命 bearing life
軸承套圈 bearing ring
軸承外徑 bearing outside diameter
軸頸 journal
軸瓦、軸承襯 bearing bush
軸端擋圈 shaft end ring
軸環(huán) shaft collar
軸肩 shaft shoulder
軸角 shaft angle
軸向 axial direction
軸向齒廓 axial tooth profile
軸向當量動載荷 dynamic equivalent axial load
軸向當量靜載荷 static equivalent axial load
軸向基本額定動載荷 basic dynamic axial load rating
軸向基本額定靜載荷 basic static axial load rating
軸向接觸軸承 axial contact bearing
軸向平面 axial plane
軸向游隙 axial internal clearance
軸向載荷 axial load
軸向載荷系數(shù) axial load factor
軸向分力 axial thrust load
主動件 driving link
主動齒輪 driving gear
主動帶輪 driving pulley
轉(zhuǎn)動導桿機構(gòu) whitworth mechanism
轉(zhuǎn)動副 revolute (turning) pair
轉(zhuǎn)速 swiveling speed rotating speed
轉(zhuǎn)動關(guān)節(jié) revolute joint
轉(zhuǎn)軸 revolving shaft
轉(zhuǎn)子 rotor
轉(zhuǎn)子平衡 balance of rotor
裝配條件 assembly condition
錐齒輪 bevel gear
錐頂 common apex of cone
錐距 cone distance
錐輪 bevel pulley; bevel wheel
錐齒輪的當量直齒輪 equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear
錐面包絡(luò)圓柱蝸桿 milled helicoids worm
準雙曲面齒輪 hypoid gear
子程序 subroutine
子機構(gòu) sub-mechanism
自動化 automation
自鎖 self-locking
自鎖條件 condition of self-locking
自由度 degree of freedom, mobility
總重合度 total contact ratio
總反力 resultant force
總效率 combined efficiency; overall efficiency
組成原理 theory of constitution
組合齒形 composite tooth form
組合安裝 stack mounting
組合機構(gòu) combined mechanism
阻抗力 resistance
最大盈虧功 maximum difference work between plus and minus work
縱向重合度 overlap contact ratio
縱坐標 ordinate
組合機構(gòu) combined mechanism
最少齒數(shù) minimum teeth number
最小向徑 minimum radius
作用力 applied force
坐標系 coordinate frame

3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔機 
cnc milling machine CNC銑床 contouring machine 輪廓鋸床 
copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形車床 
copy milling machine 仿形銑床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床 
cylindrical grinding machine 外圓磨床 die spotting machine 合模機 
drilling machine ?孔機 engraving machine 雕刻機 
engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工機 form grinding machine 成形磨床 
graphite machine 石墨加工機 horizontal boring machine 臥式搪孔機 
horizontal machine center 臥式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 內(nèi)圓磨床 
jig boring machine 冶具搪孔機 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床 
lap machine 研磨機 machine center 加工制造中心 
multi model miller 靠磨銑床 NC drilling machine NC鉆床 
NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC車床 
NC programming system NC程式制作系統(tǒng) planer 龍門刨床 
profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床 
radial drilling machine 旋臂?床 shaper 牛頭刨床 
surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 試模機 
turret lathe 轉(zhuǎn)塔車床 universal tool grinding machine 萬能工具磨床 
vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 線割放電加工機

barrel 滾筒(加工) bending 波紋加工 
broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心 
cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圓車削 
electric discharge machine 放電加工 electrolytic grinding 電解研磨 
embossing 壓花加工 facing 面車削 
filing 銼刀修潤 hand finishing 手工修潤 
hemming 卷邊加工 hobbing 滾齒加工 
joggling 搖動加工 lapping 拋光/研磨修潤 
laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 車床車削 
planning 刨削加工 polishing 拋亮光 
reaming 鉸孔修潤 rough machining 粗切削 
rounding 圓形加工 sawing 鋸削 
scaling 清除鋼碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工 
skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切縫切削 
taper turning 錐度車削 thread cutting 螺紋切削 
ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆銑加工

alloy tool steel 合金工具鋼 aluminium alloy 鋁合金鋼 
bearing alloy 軸承合金 blister steel 浸碳鋼 
bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蝕鋼板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具鋼 
clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷鍛模用鋼 
emery 金鋼砂 ferrostatic pressure 鋼鐵水靜壓力 
forging die steel 鍛造模用鋼 galvanized steel sheet 鍍鋅鐵板 
hard alloy steel 超硬合金鋼 high speed tool steel 高速度工具鋼 
hot work die steel 熱鍛模用鋼 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具鋼 
low manganese casting steel 低錳鑄鋼 marging steel 馬式體高強度熱處理鋼 
martrix alloy 馬特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米漢納鑄鋼 
meehanite metal 米漢納鐵 merchant iron 市售鋼材 
molybdenum high speed steel 鉬系高速鋼 molybdenum steel 鉬鋼 
nickel chromium steel 鎳鉻鋼 prehardened steel 頂硬鋼 
silicon steel sheet 矽鋼板 stainless steel 不銹鋼 
tin plated steel sheet 鍍錫鐵板 tough pitch copper 韌銅 
troostite 吐粒散鐵 tungsten steel ?鋼 
vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑膠覆面鋼板

acetylene 乙炔 ampere 電流安培 
angle welding 角焊 arc 電弧 
argon arc welding 氬弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接條 
butt welding 對接焊接 camber 電弧彎曲 
cascade 階疊熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 
crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金屬 
filler rod 焊條 fillet weld 填角焊接 
gas shield 氣體遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 
jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接 
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 點焊熔核 
overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠擊熔接法 
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 
pressure welding 壓焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷氣切割 
pure nickel electrode 純鎳熔接條 reinforcement of weld 加強焊接 
resist 抗蝕護膜 root running 背面熔接 
seam 焊縫 seaming 接合 
seam welding 流縫熔接 series seam welding 串聯(lián)縫熔接 
skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花 
spot welding 點焊接 stitch welding 針角焊接 
stud arc welding 電弧焊接 under laying 下部焊層 
void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 
weld flush 焊縫凸起 weld line 焊接紋 
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 
weld zone 焊接區(qū) welding 焊接 
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 
welding distortion 焊接變形 welding flux 焊劑 
welding ground 電熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 
welding stress 熔接應(yīng)變 welding torch 熔接氣炬

molding成型 
spare parts=buffer備品 
coordinate座標 
dismantle the die折模 
auxiliary fuction輔助功能 
poly-line多義線 
heater band 加熱片 
thermocouple熱電偶 
sand blasting噴沙 
grit 砂礫 
derusting machine除銹機 
degate打澆口 
dryer烘干機 
induction感應(yīng) 
induction light感應(yīng)光
response=reaction=interaction感應(yīng) 
ram連桿 
edge finder巡邊器 
concave凸 
convex凹 
short射料不足 
nick缺口 
speck瑕?? 
shine亮班 
splay 銀紋 
gas mark焦痕 
delamination起鱗 
cold slug冷塊 
blush 導色 
gouge溝槽;鑿槽 
satin texture段面咬花 
witness line證示線 
patent專利 
grit沙礫 
granule=peuet=grain細粒 
grit maker抽粒機 
cushion緩沖 
magnalium鎂鋁合金 
magnesium鎂金 
metal plate鈑金 
lathe車 mill銼 
plane刨 
grind磨 
drill鋁 
boring鏜 
blinster氣泡 
fillet鑲;嵌邊 
through-hole form通孔形式 
voller pin formality滾針形式 
cam driver鍘楔 
shank摸柄 
crank shaft曲柄軸 
augular offset角度偏差 
velocity速度
production tempo生產(chǎn)進度現(xiàn)狀 
torque扭矩 
spline=the multiple keys花鍵 
quenching淬火 
tempering回火 
annealing退火 
carbonization碳化 
tungsten high speed steel鎢高速的 
moly high speed steel鉬高速的 
organic solvent有機溶劑 
bracket小磁導 
liaison聯(lián)絡(luò)單 
volatile揮發(fā)性 
resistance電阻 
ion離子 
titrator滴定儀 
beacon警示燈 
coolant冷卻液 
crusher破碎機

點 dot 
    點陣間距；點陣間隔 lattice spacing 
    點焊接 spot welding 
    醛樹脂；電玉 ureaformaldehyde (UF) 
    十八畫 
    斷面線 cross hatching line 
    斷裂 fracture 
    斷路掣 miniature circuit breaker (MCB) 
    柜 carcase 
    臺夾；固定夾 bench holdfast 
    臺阻 bench stop 
    臺墊；墊板 bench hook 
    簧片 spring 
    簡單齒輪系 simple gear train 
    簡諧運動 simple harmonic motion 廿三畫 
    纖維 fibre 
    纖維板 fibre board 
    纖維素醋酸酯 cellulose acetate (CA) 
    變形；扭曲 distortion 
    變速系統(tǒng) speed control system 
    變壓器；火牛 transformer 
    邏輯狀態(tài) logic state 
    邏輯門 logic gate 
    髓線 medullary ray 
    體積 volume 
    鷸嘴鉗 snipe nose pliers 
    廿四畫 
    靈敏度 sensitivity 
    廿五畫 
    鑲邊 lipping 
    廿六畫 
    鉆 drill 
    鉆孔；鉆削 drill; drilling 
    鉆床 drilling machine 
    鉆嘴 bit 
    鉆頭夾盤 drill chuck 
    鉆頭扳手 drill chuck key 
    鑿 chisel 
    鑿切 chiselling 
    鑿身 chisel blade 
    其它 
    G 字夾 G clamp 
    G 碼 G code 
    M 碼 M code 
    PN 結(jié) PN junction 
    PVC 膠；聚氯乙烯 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 
    T 尺；丁字尺 tee square 
    T 字叉榫 tee bridle joint 
    T 角榫 tee angle joint 
    T 型接合 tee joint 
    V 字板 V-board 
    V 形坑帶和滑輪 vee belt and pulley 
    V 形枕 V block 
    V 型槽座與鉗 vee block & clamp

Assembly line組裝線 
Layout布置圖 
Conveyer流水線物料板 
Rivet table拉釘機 
Rivet gun拉釘槍 
Screw driver起子 
Electric screw driver電動起子 
Pneumatic screw driver氣動起子 
worktable 工作桌 
OOBA開箱檢查 
fit together組裝在一起 
fasten鎖緊(螺絲) 
fixture 夾具(治具) 
pallet棧板 
barcode條碼 
barcode scanner條碼掃描器 
fuse together熔合 
fuse machine熱熔機 
repair修理 
operator作業(yè)員 
QC品管 
supervisor 課長 
ME制造工程師 
MT制造生技 
cosmetic inspect外觀檢查 
inner parts inspect內(nèi)部檢查 
thumb screw大頭螺絲 
lbs. inch鎊、英寸 
EMI gasket導電條 
front plate前板 
rear plate后板 
chassis 基座 
bezel panel面板 
power button電源按鍵 
reset button重置鍵 
Hi-pot test of SPS高源高壓測試 
Voltage switch of SPS 
電源電壓接拉鍵 
sheet metal parts 沖件 
plastic parts塑膠件 
SOP制造作業(yè)程序 
material check list物料檢查表 
work cell工作間 
trolley臺車 
carton紙箱 
sub-line支線 
left fork叉車 
production department生產(chǎn)部門 
planning department企劃部 
QC Section品管科 
stamping factory沖壓廠 
painting factory烤漆廠 
molding factory成型廠 
common equipment常用設(shè)備 
uncoiler and straightener整平機 
punching machine 沖床 
robot機械手 
hydraulic machine油壓機 
lathe車床 
planer |'plein?|刨床 
miller銑床 
grinder磨床 
driller銑床 
linear cutting線切割 
electrical sparkle電火花 
welder電焊機 
staker=reviting machine鉚合機 
position職務(wù) 
president董事長 
general manager總經(jīng)理 
special assistant manager特助 
factory director廠長 
department director部長 
deputy manager | =vice manager副理 
section supervisor課長 
deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副課長 
group leader/supervisor組長 
line supervisor線長 
assistant manager助理 
to move, to carry, to handle搬運 
be put in storage入庫 
pack packing包裝 
to apply oil擦油 
to file burr 銼毛刺 
final inspection終檢 
to connect material接料 
to reverse material 翻料 
wet station沾濕臺 
Tiana天那水 
cleaning cloth抹布 
to load material上料 
to unload material卸料 
to return material/stock to退料 
scraped |'skr?pid|報廢 
scrape ..v.刮;削 
deficient purchase來料不良 
manufacture procedure制程 
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 
oxidation |' ksi'dei?n|氧化 
scratch刮傷 
dents壓痕 
defective upsiding down抽芽不良 
defective to staking鉚合不良 
embedded lump鑲塊 
feeding is not in place送料不到位 
stamping-missing漏沖 
production capacity生產(chǎn)力 
education and training教育與訓練 
proposal improvement提案改善 
spare parts=buffer備件 
forklift叉車 
trailer=long vehicle拖板車 
compound die合模 
die locker鎖模器 
pressure plate=plate pinch壓板 
bolt螺栓 
name of a department部門名稱 
administration/general affairs dept總務(wù)部 
automatic screwdriver電動啟子 
thickness gauge厚薄規(guī) 
gauge(or jig)治具 
power wire電源線 
buzzle蜂鳴器 
defective product label不良標簽 
identifying sheet list標示單 
screwdriver holder起子插座 
pedal踩踏板 
stopper阻擋器 
flow board流水板 
hydraulic handjack油壓板車 
forklift叉車 
pallet棧板 
glove(s)手套 
glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 
thumb大拇指 
forefinger食指 
midfinger中指 
ring finger無名指 
little finger小指 
band-aid創(chuàng)可貼 
iudustrial alcohol工業(yè)酒精 
alcohol container沾濕臺 
head of screwdriver起子頭 
sweeper掃把 
mop拖把 
vaccum cleaner吸塵器 
rag 抹布 
garbage container灰箕 
garbage can垃圾箱 
garbage bag垃圾袋 
chain鏈條 
jack升降機 
production line流水線 
chain鏈條槽 
magnetizer加磁器 
lamp holder燈架 
to mop the floor拖地 
to clean the floor掃地 
to clean a table擦桌子 
air pipe 氣管 
packaging tool打包機 
packaging打包 
missing part漏件 
wrong part錯件 
excessive defects過多的缺陷 
critical defect極嚴重缺陷 
major defect主要缺陷 
minor defect次要缺陷 
not up to standard不合規(guī)格 
dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小) 
cosmetic defect外觀不良 
slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺絲滑頭 
slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手 
speckle斑點 
mildewed=moldy=mouldy發(fā)霉 
rust生銹 
deformation變形 
burr(金屬)flash(塑件)毛邊 
poor staking鉚合不良 
excesssive gap間隙過大 
grease/oil stains油污 
inclusion雜質(zhì) 
painting peel off臟污 
shrinking/shrinkage縮水 
mixed color雜色 
scratch劃傷 
poor processing 制程不良 
poor incoming part事件不良 
fold of pakaging belt打包帶折皺 
painting make-up補漆 
discoloration羿色 
water spots水漬 
polishing/surface processing表面處理 
exposed metal/bare metal金屬裸露 
lack of painting烤漆不到位 
safety安全 
quality品質(zhì) 
delivery deadline交貨期 
cost成本 
engineering工程 
die repair模修 
enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企劃 
QC品管 
die worker模工 
production, to produce生產(chǎn) 
equipment設(shè)備 
to start a press開機 
stop/switch off a press關(guān)機 
classification整理 
regulation整頓 
cleanness清掃 
conservation清潔 
culture教養(yǎng) 
qualified products, up-to-grade products良品 
defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品 
waste廢料 
board看板 
feeder送料機 
sliding rack滑料架 
defective product box不良品箱 
die change 換模 
to fix a die裝模 
to take apart a die拆模 
to repair a die修模 
packing material包材 
basket蝴蝶竺 
plastic basket膠筐 
isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板 
carton box紙箱 
to pull and stretch拉深 
to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料 
to impose lines壓線 
to compress, compressing壓縮 
character die字模 
to feed, feeding送料 
transportation運輸 
(be)qualfied, up to grade合格 
not up to grade, not qualified不合格 
material change, stock change材料變更 
feature change 特性變更 
evaluation評估 
prepare for, make preparations for 準備 
parameters參數(shù) 
rotating speed, revolution轉(zhuǎn)速 
manufacture management制造管理 
abnormal handling異常處理 
production unit生產(chǎn)單位 
lots of production生產(chǎn)批量 
steel plate鋼板 
roll material卷料 
manufacture procedure制程 
operation procedure作業(yè)流程 
to revise, modify修訂 
to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切換 
engineering, project difficulty 
工程瓶頸 
stage die工程模 
automation自動化 
to stake, staking, reviting鉚合 
add lubricating oil加潤滑油 
shut die架模 
shut height of a die架模高度 
analog-mode device類模器 
die lifter舉模器 
argon welding氬焊 
vocabulary for stamping 
沖壓常詞匯 
stamping, press沖壓 
punch press, dieing out press沖床 
uncoiler & strainghtener整平機 
feeder送料機 
rack, shelf, stack料架 
cylinder油缸 
robot機械手 
taker取料機 
conveyer belt輸送帶 
transmission rack輸送架 
top stop上死點 
bottom stop下死點 
one stroke一行程 
inch寸動 
to continue, cont.連動 
to grip(material)吸料 
location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位塊 
reset復位 
smoothly順利 
dent壓痕 
scratch刮傷 
deformation變形 
filings鐵削 
to draw holes抽孔 
inquiry, search for查尋 
to stock, storage, in stock庫存 
receive領(lǐng)取 
approval examine and verify審核 
processing, to process加工 
delivery, to deliver 交貨 
to return delivenry to. 
to send delinery back 
to retrn of goods退貨 
registration登記 
registration card登記卡 
to control管制 
to put forward and hand in提報 
safe stock安全庫存 
acceptance = receive驗收 
to notice通知 
application form for purchase請購單 
consume, consumption消耗 
to fill in填寫 
abrasion磨損 
reverse angle = chamfer倒角 
character die字模 
to collect, to gather收集 
failure, trouble故障 
statistics統(tǒng)計 
demand and supply需求 
career card履歷卡 
to take apart a die卸下模具 
to load a die裝上模具 
to tight a bolt擰緊螺栓 
to looser a bolt擰松螺栓 
to move away a die plate移走模板 
easily damaged parts易損件 
standard parts標準件 
breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 斷裂 
to lubricate潤滑 
common vocabulary for die engineering 
模具工程常用詞匯 
die 模具 
figure file, chart file圖檔 
cutting die, blanking die沖裁模 
progressive die, follow (-on)die 
連續(xù)模 
compound die復合模 
punched hole沖孔 
panel board鑲塊 
to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切邊 
to bending折彎 
to pull, to stretch拉伸 
Line streching, line pulling線拉伸 
engraving, to engrave刻印 
upsiding down edges翻邊 
to stake鉚合 
designing, to design設(shè)計 
design modification設(shè)計變化 
die block模塊 
folded block折彎塊 
sliding block滑塊 
location pin定位銷 
lifting pin頂料銷 
die plate, front board模板 
padding block墊塊 
stepping bar墊條 
upper die base上模座 
lower die base下模座 
upper supporting blank上承板 
upper padding plate blank上墊板 
spare dies模具備品 
spring 彈簧 
bolt螺栓 
document folder文件夾 
file folder資料夾 
to put file in order整理資料 
spare tools location手工備品倉 
first count初盤人 
first check初盤復棹人 
second count 復盤人 
second check復盤復核人 
equipment設(shè)備 
waste materials廢料 
work in progress product在制品 
casing = containerazation裝箱 
quantity of physical invetory second count 復盤點數(shù)量 
quantity of customs count 
會計師盤,點數(shù)量 
the first page第一聯(lián) 
filed by accounting department for reference會計部存查 
end-user/using unit(department)使用單位 
summary of year-end physical inventory bills 
年終盤點截止單據(jù)匯總表 
bill name單據(jù)名稱 
This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting 
department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial 
department) 
本表請與盤點清冊一起送會計部－(NHK廠區(qū)送財會部) 
Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and 
physical inventory card 年終盤點卡與清冊使用－狀況明細表 
blank and waste sheet NO. 
空白與作廢單號 
plate電鍍 
mold成型 
material for engineering mold testing工程試模材料 
not included in physical inventory不列入盤點 
sample樣品 
incoming material to be inspected進貨待驗 
description品名 
steel/rolled steel鋼材 
material statistics sheet 
物料統(tǒng)計明細表 
meeting minutes會議記錄 
meeting type 會別 
distribution department分發(fā)單位 
location地點 
chairman主席 
present members出席人員 
subject主題 
conclusion結(jié)論 
decision items決議事項 
responsible department負責單位 
pre-fixed finishing date預(yù)定完成日 
approved by / checked by / prepared by核準/審核/承辦 
PCE assembly production schedule sheet 
PCE組裝廠生產(chǎn)排配表 
model機鍾 
work order工令 
revision版次 
remark備注 
production control confirmation生產(chǎn)確認 
checked by初審 
approved by核準 
department部門 
stock age analysis sheet 
庫存貨齡分析表 
on-hand inventory現(xiàn)有庫存 
available material良品可使用 
obsolete material良品已呆滯 
to be inspected or reworked 
待驗或重工 
total合計 
cause description原因說明 
part number/ P/N 料號 
type形態(tài) 
item/group/class類別 
quality品質(zhì) 
prepared by制表 
notes說明 
year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 
年終盤點差異分析表 
physical inventory盤點數(shù)量 
physical count quantity帳面數(shù)量 
difference quantity差異量 
cause analysis原因分析 
raw materials原料 
materials物料 
finished product成品 
semi-finished product半成品 
packing materials包材 
good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品 
defective product/non-good parts不良品 
disposed goods處理品 
warehouse/hub倉庫 
on way location在途倉 
oversea location海外倉 
spare parts physical inventory list備品盤點清單 
spare molds location模具備品倉 
skid/pallet棧板 
tox machine自鉚機 
wire EDM線割 
EDM放電機 
coil stock卷料 
sheet stock片料 
tolerance工差 
score=groove壓線 
cam block滑塊 
pilot導正筒 
trim剪外邊 
pierce剪內(nèi)邊 
drag form壓鍛差 
pocket for the punch head掛鉤槽 
slug hole廢料孔 
feature die公母模 
expansion dwg展開圖 
radius半徑 
shim(wedge)楔子 
torch-flame cut火焰切割 
set screw止付螺絲 
form block折刀 
stop pin定位銷 
round pierce punch=die button圓沖子 
shape punch=die insert異形子 
stock locater block定位塊 
under cut=scrap chopper清角 
active plate活動板 
baffle plate擋塊 
cover plate蓋板 
male die公模 
female die母模 
groove punch壓線沖子 
air-cushion eject-rod氣墊頂桿 
spring-box eject-plate彈簧箱頂板 
bushing block襯套 
insert 入塊 
club car高爾夫球車 
capability能力 
parameter參數(shù) 
factor系數(shù) 
phosphate皮膜化成 
viscosity涂料粘度 
alkalidipping脫脂 
main manifold主集流脈 
bezel斜視規(guī) 
blanking穿落模 
dejecting頂固模 
demagnetization去磁;消磁 
high-speed transmission高速傳遞 
heat dissipation熱傳 
rack上料 
degrease脫脂 
rinse水洗 
alkaline etch齡咬 
desmut剝黑膜 
D.I. rinse純水次 
Chromate鉻酸處理 
Anodize陽性處理 
seal封孔 
revision版次 
part number/P/N料號 
good products良品 
scraped products報放心品 
defective products不良品 
finished products成品 
disposed products處理品 
barcode條碼 
flow chart流程表單 
assembly組裝 
stamping沖壓 
molding成型 
spare parts=buffer備品 
coordinate座標 
dismantle the die折模 
auxiliary fuction輔助功能 
poly-line多義線 
heater band 加熱片 
thermocouple熱電偶 
sand blasting噴沙 
grit 砂礫 
derusting machine除銹機 
degate打澆口 
dryer烘干機 
induction感應(yīng) 
induction light感應(yīng)光 
response=reaction=interaction感應(yīng) 
ram連桿 
edge finder巡邊器 
concave凸 
convex凹 
short射料不足 
nick缺口 
speck瑕?? 
shine亮班 
splay 銀紋 
gas mark焦痕 
delamination起鱗 
cold slug冷塊 
blush 導色 
gouge溝槽;鑿槽 
satin texture段面咬花 
witness line證示線 
patent專利 
grit沙礫 
granule=peuet=grain細粒 
grit maker抽粒機 
cushion緩沖 
magnalium鎂鋁合金 
magnesium鎂金 
metal plate鈑金 
lathe車 
mill銼 
plane刨 
grind磨 
drill鋁 
boring鏜 
blinster氣泡 
fillet鑲;嵌邊 
through-hole form通孔形式 
voller pin formality滾針形式 
cam driver鍘楔 
shank摸柄 
crank shaft曲柄軸 
augular offset角度偏差 
velocity速度 
production tempo生產(chǎn)進度現(xiàn)狀 
torque扭矩 
spline=the multiple keys花鍵 
quenching淬火 
tempering回火 
annealing退火 
carbonization碳化 
alloy合金 
tungsten high speed steel鎢高速的 
moly high speed steel鉬高速的 
organic solvent有機溶劑 
bracket小磁導 
liaison聯(lián)絡(luò)單 
volatile揮發(fā)性 
resistance電阻 
ion離子 
titrator滴定儀 
beacon警示燈 
coolant冷卻液 
crusher破碎機 
模具工程類 
plain die簡易模 
pierce die沖孔模 
forming die成型模 
progressive die連續(xù)模 
gang dies復合模 
shearing die剪邊模 
riveting die鉚合模 
pierce沖孔 
forming成型(抽凸,沖凸) 
draw hole抽孔 
bending折彎 
trim切邊 
emboss凸點 
dome凸圓 
semi-shearing半剪 
stamp mark沖記號 
deburr or coin壓毛邊 
punch riveting沖壓鉚合 
side stretch側(cè)沖壓平 
reel stretch卷圓壓平 
groove壓線 
blanking下料 
stamp letter沖字(料號) 
shearing剪斷 
tick-mark nearside正面壓印 
tick-mark farside反面壓印 
沖壓名稱類 
extension dwg展開圖 
procedure dwg工程圖 
die structure dwg模具結(jié)構(gòu)圖 
material材質(zhì) 
material thickness料片厚度 
factor系數(shù) 
upward向上 
downward向下 
press specification沖床規(guī)格 
die height range適用模高 
die height閉模高度 
burr毛邊 
gap間隙 
weight重量 
total wt.總重量 
punch wt.上模重量 
五金零件類 
inner guiding post內(nèi)導柱 
inner hexagon screw內(nèi)六角螺釘 
dowel pin固定銷 
coil spring彈簧 
lifter pin頂料銷 
eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒 
pin銷 
lifter guide pin浮升導料銷 
guide pin導正銷 
wire spring圓線彈簧 
outer guiding post外導柱 
stop screw止付螺絲 
located pin定位銷 
outer bush外導套 
模板類 
top plate上托板（頂板） 
top block上墊腳 
punch set上模座 
punch pad上墊板 
punch holder上夾板 
stripper pad脫料背板 
up stripper上脫料板 
male die公模(凸模) 
feature die公母模 
female die母模(凹模) 
upper plate上模板 
lower plate下模板 
die pad下墊板 
die holder下夾板 
die set下模座 
bottom block下墊腳 
bottom plate下托板(底板) 
stripping plate內(nèi)外打(脫料板) 
outer stripper外脫料板 
inner stripper內(nèi)脫料板 
lower stripper下脫料板 
零件類 
punch沖頭 
insert入塊(嵌入件) 
deburring punch壓毛邊沖子 
groove punch壓線沖子 
stamped punch字模沖子 
round punch圓沖子 
special shape punch異形沖子 
bending block折刀 
roller滾軸 
baffle plate擋塊 
located block定位塊 
supporting block for location 
定位支承塊 
air cushion plate氣墊板 
air-cushion eject-rod氣墊頂桿 
trimming punch切邊沖子 
stiffening rib punch = stinger 加強筋沖子 
ribbon punch壓筋沖子 
reel-stretch punch卷圓壓平?jīng)_子 
guide plate定位板 
sliding block滑塊 
sliding dowel block滑塊固定塊 
active plate活動板 
lower sliding plate下滑塊板 
upper holder block上壓塊 
upper mid plate上中間板 
spring box彈簧箱 
spring-box eject-rod彈簧箱頂桿 
spring-box eject-plate彈簧箱頂板 
bushing bolck襯套 
cover plate蓋板 
guide pad導料塊 
塑件&模具相關(guān)英文 
compre sion molding壓縮成型 
flash mold溢流式模具 
plsitive mold擠壓式模具 
split mold分割式模具 
cavity型控 母模 
core模心 公模 
taper錐拔 
leather cloak仿皮革 
shiver飾紋 
flow mark流痕 
welding mark溶合痕 
post screw insert螺紋套筒埋值 
self tapping screw自攻螺絲 
striper plate脫料板 
piston活塞 
cylinder汽缸套 
chip細碎物 
handle mold手持式模具 
移轉(zhuǎn)成型用模具 
encapsulation molding低壓封裝成型 
射出成型用模具 
two plate兩極式（模具） 
well type蓄料井 
insulated runner絕緣澆道方式 
hot runner熱澆道 
runner plat澆道模塊 
valve gate閥門澆口 
band heater環(huán)帶狀的電熱器 
spindle閥針 
spear head刨尖頭 
slag well冷料井 
cold slag冷料渣 
air vent排氣道 
h=0.02~0.05mm
w=3.2mm
L=3~5mm
welding line熔合痕 
eject pin頂出針 
knock pin頂出銷 
return pin回位銷反頂針 
sleave套筒 
stripper plate脫料板 
insert core放置入子 
runner stripper plate澆道脫料板 
guide pin導銷 
eject rod (bar)（成型機）頂業(yè)捧 
subzero深冷處理 
three plate三極式模具 
runner system澆道系統(tǒng) 
stress crack應(yīng)力電裂 
orientation定向 
sprue gate射料澆口，直澆口 
nozzle射嘴 
sprue lock pin料頭鉤銷(拉料桿) 
slag well冷料井 
side gate側(cè)澆口 
edge gate側(cè)緣澆口 
tab gate搭接澆口 
film gate薄膜澆口 
flash gate閘門澆口 
slit gate縫隙澆口 
fan gate扇形澆口 
dish gate因盤形澆口 
H=F=1/2t~1/5t 
T=2.5~3.5mm
diaphragm gate隔膜澆口 
ring gate環(huán)形澆口 
subarine gate潛入式澆口 
tunnel gate隧道式澆口 
pin gate針點澆口 
Φ0.8~1.0mm
Runner less無澆道 
(sprue less)無射料管方式 
long nozzle延長噴嘴方式 
sprue澆口;溶渣

品質(zhì)人員名稱類 
QC quality control 品質(zhì)管理人員 
FQC final quality control 終點品質(zhì)管制人員 
IPQC in process quality control 制程中的品質(zhì)管制人員 
OQC output quality control 最終出貨品質(zhì)管制人員 
IQC incoming quality control 進料品質(zhì)管制人員 
TQC total quality control 全面質(zhì)量管理 
POC passage quality control 段檢人員 
QA quality assurance 質(zhì)量保證人員 
OQA output quality assurance 出貨質(zhì)量保證人員 
QE quality engineering 品質(zhì)工程人員 
品質(zhì)保證類 
FAI first article inspection 新品首件檢查 
FAA first article assurance 首件確認 
TVR tool verification report 模具確認報告 
3B 3B 模具正式投產(chǎn)前確認 
CP capability index 能力指數(shù) 
CPK capability index of process 模具制程能力參數(shù) 
SSQA standardized supplier quality 合格供應(yīng)商品質(zhì)評估 
OOBA out of box audit 開箱檢查 
QFD quality function deployment 品質(zhì)機能展開 
FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析 
8 disciplines 8項回復內(nèi)容 
FA final audit 最後一次稽核 
CAR corrective action request 改正行動要求 
corrective action report 改正行動報告 
FQC運作類 
AQL Acceptable Quality Level 運作類允收品質(zhì)水準 
S/S Sample size 抽樣檢驗樣本大小 
ACC Accept 允收 
REE Reject 拒收 
CR Critical 極嚴重的 
MAJ Major 主要的 
MIN Minor 輕微的 
AOQ Average Output Quality 平均出廠品質(zhì) 
AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出廠品質(zhì) 
Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品質(zhì)/可靠度服務(wù) 
MIL-STD Military-Standard 軍用標準 
S I-S IV Special I-Special IV 特殊抽樣水準等級 
P/N Part Number 料號 
L/N Lot Number 特采 
AOD Accept On Deviation 特采 
UAI Use As It 首件檢查報告 
FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 百萬分之一 
PPM Percent Per Million 批號 
制程統(tǒng)計品管專類 
SPC Statistical Process Control 統(tǒng)計制程管制 
SQC Statistical Quality Control 統(tǒng)計品質(zhì)管制 
R Range 全距 
AR Averary Range 全距平均值 
UCL Upper Central Limit 管制上限 
LCL Lower Central Limit 管制下限 
MAX Maximum 最大值 
MIN Minimum 最小值 
GRR Gauge Reproducibility&Repeatability 量具之再制性及重測性判斷量可靠與否 
DIM Dimension 尺寸 
DIA Diameter 直徑 
FREQ Frequency 頻率 
N Number 樣品數(shù) 
其它品質(zhì)術(shù)語類 
QCC Quality Control Circle 品質(zhì)圈 
QIT Quality Improvement Team 品質(zhì)改善小組 
PDCA Plan Do Check Action 計劃 執(zhí)行 檢查 總結(jié) 
ZD Zero Defect 零缺點 
QI Quality Improvement 品質(zhì)改善 
QP Quality Policy 目標方針 
TQM Total Quality Management 全面品質(zhì)管理 
MRB Material Reject Bill 退貨單 
LQL Limiting Quality Level 最低品質(zhì)水準 
RMA Return Material Audit 退料認可 
QAN Quality Amelionrate Notice 品質(zhì)改善活動 
ADM Absolute Dimension Measuremat 全尺寸測量 
QT Quality Target 品質(zhì)目標 
7QCTools 7 Quality Controll Tools 品管七大手法 
通用之件類 
ECN Engineering Change Notes 工程變更通知(供應(yīng)商) 
ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改動要求(客戶) 
PCN Process Change Notice 工序改動通知 
PMP Product Management Plan 生產(chǎn)管制計劃 
SIP Specification In Process 制程檢驗規(guī)格 
SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作業(yè)規(guī)范 
IS Inspection Specification 成品檢驗規(guī)范 
BOM Bill Of Material 物料清單 
PS Package Specification 包裝規(guī)范 
SPEC Specification 規(guī)格 
DWG Drawing 圖面 
系統(tǒng)文件類 
QC Quality System 品質(zhì)系統(tǒng) 
ES Engineering Standarization 工程標準 
CGOO China General PCE龍華廠文件 
H Huston (美國)休斯敦 
C Compaq (美國)康伯公司 
C China 中國大陸 
A Assembly 組裝(廠) 
S Stamping 沖壓(廠) 
P Painting 烤漆(廠) 
I Intel 英特爾公司 
T TAIWAN 臺灣 
IWS International Workman Standard 工藝標準 
ISO International Standard Organization 國際標準化組織 
GS General Specification 一般規(guī)格 
CMCS C-China M-Manufact C-Compaq S-Stamping Compaq產(chǎn)品在龍華沖壓廠制造作業(yè)規(guī)范 
CQCA Q-Quality A-Assembly Compaq產(chǎn)品在龍華組裝廠品管作業(yè)規(guī)范 
CQCP P-Painting Compaq產(chǎn)品在龍華烤漆廠品管作業(yè)規(guī)范 
部類 
PMC Production & Material Control 生產(chǎn)和物料控制 
PPC Production Plan Control 生產(chǎn)計劃控制 
MC Material Control 物料控制 
ME Manafacture Engineering 制造工程部 
PE Project Engineering 產(chǎn)品工程部 
A/C Accountant Dept 會計部 
P/A Personal & Administration 人事行政部 
DC Document Center 資料中心 
QE Quality Engineering 品質(zhì)工程(部) 
QA Quality Assurance 品質(zhì)保證(處) 
QC Quality Control 品質(zhì)管制(課) 
PD Product Department 生產(chǎn)部 
LAB Labratry 實驗室 
IE Industrial Engineering 工業(yè)工程 
R&D Research & Design 設(shè)計開發(fā)部 
P Painting 烤漆(廠) 
A Asssembly 組裝(廠) 
S Stamping 沖壓(廠) 
生產(chǎn)類 
PCS Pieces 個(根,塊等) 
PRS Pairs 雙(對等) 
CTN Carton 卡通箱 
PAL Pallet/skid 棧板 
PO Purchasing Order 采購訂單 
MO Manufacture Order 生產(chǎn)單 
D/C Date Code 生產(chǎn)日期碼 
ID/C Identification Code (供應(yīng)商)識別碼 
SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求 
L/N Lot Number 批號 
P/N Part Number 料號 
其它 
OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原設(shè)備制造 
PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 個人電腦外設(shè) 
PC Personal Computer 個人電腦 
CPU Central Processing Unit 中央處理器 
SECC SECC` 電解片 
SGCC SGCC 熱浸鍍鋅材料 
NHK North of Hongkong 中國大陸 
PRC People's Republic of China 中國大陸 
U.S.A the United States of America 美國 
A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 盡可能快的 
E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 電子郵件 
N/A Not Applicable 不適用 
QTY Quantity 數(shù)量 
VS 以及 
REV Revision 版本 
JIT Just In Time 零庫存 
I/O Input/Output 輸入/輸出 
OK Ok 好 
NG Not Good 不行,不合格 
C=0 Critical=0 極嚴重不允許 
ESD Electry-static Discharge 靜電排放 
5S 希臘語 整理,整頓,清掃,清潔,教養(yǎng) 
ATIN Attention 知會 
CC Carbon Copy 副本復印相關(guān)人員 
APP Approve 核準,認可,承認 
CHK Check 確認 
AM Ante Meridian 上午 
PM Post Meridian 下午 
CD Compact Disk 光碟 
CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只讀光碟 
FDD Floppy Disk Drive 軟碟機 
HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟機 
REF Reference 僅供參考 
CONN Connector 連接器 
CAV Cavity 模穴 
CAD Computer Aid Design 計算機輔助設(shè)計 
ASS'Y Assembly 裝配,組裝 
MAT'S Material 材料 
IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路 
T/P True Position 真位度 
TYP Type 類型 
WDR Weekly Delivery Requitement 周出貨需求 
C?T Cycle Time 制程周期 
L/T Lead Time 前置時間(生產(chǎn)前準備時間) 
S/T Standard Time 標準時間 
P/M Product Market 產(chǎn)品市場 
3CComputer,Commumcation,Consumer electronic's 消費性電子 
5WIH When,Where,Who,What,Why,How to 
5MMan,Machine,Material,Method,Measurement 
4MIH Man,Materia,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,財務(wù),技術(shù),時間(資源) 
SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品質(zhì)保證 
DQA Desigh Quality Assurance 設(shè)計品質(zhì)保證 
MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品質(zhì)保證 
SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 銷售及服務(wù)品質(zhì)保證 
LRR Lot Rejeet Rate 批退率 
BS Brain storming 腦力激蕩 
EMI Electronic Magnetion Inspect 高磁測試 
FMI Frequency Modulatim Inspect 高頻測試 
B/M Boar/Molding(flat cable) 
C/P Connector of PC 
A/P Assembly 
SPS Switching power supply 電源箱 
DT Desk Top 臥式(機箱) 
MT Mini-Tower 立式(機箱) 
DVD Digital Vedio Disk 
VCD Vdeio Compact Disk 
LCD Liquid Crystal Display 
CAD Computer AID Design 
CAM Computer AID Manufacturing 
CAE Computer AID Engineering 
ABIOS Achanced Basic in put/output system 先進的基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng) 
CMOS Complemeruary Metoll Oxide Semiconductor 互補金屬氧化物半導體 
PDA Personal Digital Assistant 個人數(shù)字助理 
IC Integrated Circuit 集成電路 
ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工業(yè)標準體制結(jié)構(gòu) 
MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道結(jié)構(gòu) 
EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 擴充的工業(yè)標準結(jié)構(gòu) 
SIMM Single in-line memory module 單項導通匯流組件 
DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 雙項導通匯流組件 
LED Light-Emitting Diode 發(fā)光二級管 
FMEA Failure Mode Effectivenes 失效模式分析 
W/H Wire Harness 金屬線緒束集組件 
F/C Flat Calle 排線 
PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板 
CAR Correction Action Report 改善報告 
NG Not Good 不良 
WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出貨要求 
PPM Parts Per Million 百萬分之一 
TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生產(chǎn)保養(yǎng) 
MRP Material Requiremcnt Planning 物料需計劃 
OC Operation System 作業(yè)系統(tǒng) 
TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺 
D/C Drawing Change 
P/P Plans & Procedune 
EMI Electrical-Music Industry 電子音樂工業(yè) 
RFI Read Frequency Input 讀頻輸入 
MMC Maximum Material Condition 
MMS Maximum Material Size 
LMC Least Material Condition 
LMS Least Material Size

模具技術(shù)用語 
各種模具常用成形方式 
accurate die casting 精密壓鑄 
powder forming 粉末成形 
calendaring molding 壓延成形 
powder metal forging 粉末鍛造 
cold chamber die casting 冷式壓鑄 
precision forging 精密鍛造 
cold forging 冷鍛 
press forging 沖鍛 
compacting molding 粉末壓出成形 
rocking die forging 搖動鍛造 
compound molding 復合成形 
rotary forging 回轉(zhuǎn)鍛造 
compression molding 壓縮成形 
rotational molding 離心成形 
dip mold 浸漬成形 
rubber molding 橡膠成形 
encapsulation molding 注入成形 
sand mold casting 砂模鑄造 
extrusion molding 擠出成形 
shell casting 殼模鑄造 
foam forming ?泡成形 
sinter forging 燒結(jié)鍛造 
forging roll 軋鍛 
six sides forging 六面鍛造 
gravity casting 重力鑄造 
slush molding 凝塑成形 
hollow(blow) molding 中空(吹出)成形 
squeeze casting 高壓鑄造 
hot chamber die casting 熱室壓鑄 
swaging 擠鍛 
hot forging 熱鍛 
transfer molding 轉(zhuǎn)送成形 
injection molding 射出成形 
warm forging 溫鍛 
investment casting 精密鑄造 
matched die method 對模成形法 
laminating method 被覆淋膜成形 
low pressure casting 低壓鑄造 
lost wax casting 脫蠟鑄造 
matched mould thermal forming 對模熱成形模

各式模具分類用語 
bismuth mold 鉍鑄模 
landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具 
burnishing die 擠光模 
landed positive mold 有肩全壓式模具 
button die 鑲?cè)胧綀A形凹模 
loading shoe mold 料套式模具 
center-gated mold 中心澆口式模具 
loose detail mold 活零件模具 
chill mold 冷硬用鑄模 
loose mold 活動式模具 
clod hobbing 冷擠壓制模 
ouvering die 百葉窗沖切模 
composite dies 復合模具 
manifold die 分歧管模具 
counter punch 反凸模 
modular mold 組合式模具 
double stack mold 雙層模具 
multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具 
electroformed mold 電鑄成形模 
multi-gate mold 復式澆口模具 
expander die 擴徑模 
offswt bending die 雙折冷彎模具 
extrusion die 擠出模 
palletizing die 疊層模 
family mold 反套制品模具 
plaster mold 石膏模 
blank through dies 漏件式落料模 
porous mold 通氣性模具 
duplicated cavity plate 復板模 
positive mold 全壓式模具 
fantail die 扇尾形模具 
pressure die 壓緊模 
fishtail die 魚尾形模具 
profile die 輪廓模 
flash mold 溢料式模具 
progressive die 順序模 
gypsum mold 石膏鑄模 
protable mold 手提式模具 
hot-runner mold 熱流道模具 
prototype mold 雛形試驗?zāi)＞?nbsp;
ingot mold 鋼錠模 
punching die 落料模 
lancing die 切口模 
raising(embossing) 壓花起伏成形 
re-entrant mold 倒角式模具 
sectional die 拼合模 
runless injection mold 無流道冷料模具 
sectional die 對合模具 
segment mold 組合模 
semi-positive mold 半全壓式模具 
shaper 定型模套 
single cavity mold 單腔模具 
solid forging die 整體鍛模 
split forging die 拼合鍛模 
split mold 雙并式模具 
sprueless mold 無注道殘料模具 
squeezing die 擠壓模 
stretch form die 拉伸成形模 
sweeping mold 平刮鑄模 
swing die 振動模具 
three plates mold 三片式模具 
trimming die 切邊模 
unit mold 單元式模具 
universal mold 通用模具 
unscrewing mold 退扣式模具 
yoke type die 軛型模

模具廠常用之標準零配件 
air vent vale 通氣閥 anchor pin 錨梢 
angular pin 角梢 baffle 調(diào)節(jié)阻板 
angular pin 傾斜梢 baffle plate 折流檔板 
ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞 
ball slider 球塞滑塊 binder plate 壓板 
blank holder 防皺壓板 blanking die 落料沖頭 
bolster 上下模板 bottom board 澆注底板 
bolster 墊板 bottom plate 下固定板 
bracket 托架 bumper block 緩沖塊 
buster 堵口 casting ladle 澆注包 
casting lug 鑄耳 cavity 模穴(模仁) 
cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢 
clamping block 鎖定塊 coil spring 螺旋彈簧 
cold punched nut 冷沖螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷卻栓 
core 心型 core pin 心型梢 
cotter 開口梢 cross 十字接頭 
cushion pin 緩沖梢 diaphragm gate 盤形澆口 
die approach 模頭料道 die bed 型底 
die block 塊形模體 die body 鑄模座 
die bush 合模襯套 die button 沖模母模 
die clamper 夾模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件 
die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇 
die plate 沖模板 die set 沖壓模座 
direct gate 直接澆口 dog chuck 爪牙夾頭 
dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 導套孔 
dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 輔助澆口 
dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模錐度 
draw bead 張力調(diào)整桿 drive bearing 傳動軸承 
ejection pad 頂出襯墊 ejector 脫模器 
ejector guide pin 頂出導梢 ejector leader busher 頂出導梢襯套 
ejector pad 頂出墊 ejector pin 頂出梢 
ejector plate 頂出板 ejector rod 頂出桿 
ejector sleeve 頂出襯套 ejector valve 頂出閥 
eye bolt 環(huán)首螺栓 filling core 椿入蕊 
film gate 薄膜形澆口 finger pin 指形梢 
finish machined plate 角形模板 finish machined round plate 圓形模板 
fixed bolster plate 固定側(cè)模板 flanged pin 帶凸緣? 
flash gate 毛邊形澆口 flask 上箱 
floating punch 浮動沖頭 gate 澆口 
gate land 澆口面 gib 凹形拉緊? 
goose neck 鵝頸管 guide bushing 引導襯套 
guide pin 導梢 guide post 引導柱 
guide plate 導板 guide rail 導軌 
head punch 頂?沖頭 headless punch 直柄沖頭 
heavily tapered solid 整體模蕊盒 hose nippler 管接頭 
impact damper 緩沖器 injection ram 壓射柱塞 
inlay busher 嵌入襯套 inner plunger 內(nèi)柱塞 
inner punch 內(nèi)沖頭 insert 嵌件 
insert pin 嵌件梢 king pin 轉(zhuǎn)向梢 
king pin bush 主梢襯套 knockout bar 脫模杵 
land 合模平坦面 land area 合模面 
leader busher 導梢襯套 lifting pin 起模頂? 
lining 內(nèi)襯 locating center punch 定位中心沖頭 
locating pilot pin 定位導梢 locating ring 定位環(huán) 
lock block 壓塊 locking block 定位塊 
locking plate 定位板 loose bush 活動襯套 
making die 打印沖子 manifold block 歧管檔塊 
master plate 靠模樣板 match plate 分型板 
mold base 塑膠模座 mold clamp 鑄模緊固夾 
mold platen 模用板 moving bolster 換模保持裝置 
moving bolster plate 可動側(cè)模板 one piece casting 整體鑄件 
parallel block 平行墊塊 paring line 分模線 
parting lock set 合模定位器 pass guide 穴型導板 
peened head punch 鑲?cè)胧經(jīng)_頭 pilot pin 導? 
pin gate 針尖澆口 plate 襯板 
pre extrusion punch 頂擠沖頭 punch 沖頭 
puncher 推桿 pusher pin 襯套梢 
rack 機架 rapping rod 起模桿 
re-entrant mold 凹入模 retainer pin 嵌件梢 
retainer plate 托料板 return pin 回位梢 
riding stripper 浮動脫模器 ring gate 環(huán)型澆口 
roller 滾筒 runner 流道 
runner ejector set 流道頂出器 runner lock pin 流道拉梢 
screw plug 頭塞 set screw 固定螺絲 
shedder 脫模裝置 shim 分隔片 
shoe 模座之上下模板 shoot 流道 
shoulder bolt 肩部螺絲 skeleton 骨架 
slag riser 冒渣口 slide(slide core) 滑塊 
slip joint 滑配接頭 spacer block 間隔塊 
spacer ring 間隔環(huán) spider 模蕊支架 
spindle 主軸 sprue 注道 
sprue bushing 注道襯套 sprue bushing guide 注道導套 
sprue lock bushing 注道定位襯套 sprue puller 注道拉料? 
spue line 合模線 square key 方鍵 
square nut 方螺帽 square thread 方螺紋 
stop collar 限位套 stop pin 止動梢 
stop ring 止動環(huán) stopper 定位停止梢 
straight pin 圓柱? stripper bolt 脫料螺栓 
stripper bushing 脫模襯套 stripper plate 剝料板 
stroke end block 行程止梢 submarine gate 潛入式澆口 
support pillar 支撐支柱/頂出支柱 support pin 支撐梢 
supporting plate 托板 sweep templete 造模刮板 
tab gate 輔助澆口 taper key 推拔鍵 
taper pin 拔錐梢/錐形梢 teeming 澆注 
three start screw 三條螺紋 thrust pin 推力銷 
tie bar 拉杵 tunnel gate 隧道形澆口 
vent 通氣孔 wortle plate 拉絲模板

模具常用之工作機械 
3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔機 
cnc milling machine CNC銑床 contouring machine 輪廓鋸床 
copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形車床 
copy milling machine 仿形銑床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床 
cylindrical grinding machine 外圓磨床 die spotting machine 合模機 
drilling machine ?孔機 engraving machine 雕刻機 
engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工機 form grinding machine 成形磨床 
graphite machine 石墨加工機 horizontal boring machine 臥式搪孔機 
horizontal machine center 臥式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 內(nèi)圓磨床

jig boring machine 冶具搪孔機 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床 
lap machine 研磨機 machine center 加工制造中心 
multi model miller 靠磨銑床 NC drilling machine NC鉆床 
NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC車床 
NC programming system NC程式制作系統(tǒng) planer 龍門刨床 
profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床 
radial drilling machine 旋臂?床 shaper 牛頭刨床 
surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 試模機 
turret lathe 轉(zhuǎn)塔車床 universal tool grinding machine 萬能工具磨床 
vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 線割放電加工機

檢驗量測工具用語 
autocollimator 自動準直機 bench comparator 比長儀 
block gauge 塊規(guī) bore check 精密小測定器 
calibration 校準 caliper gauge 卡規(guī) 
check gauge 校對規(guī) clearance gauge 間隙規(guī) 
clinoretee 測斜儀 comparator 比測儀 
cylinder square 圓筒直尺 depth gauge 測深規(guī) 
dial indicator 針盤指示表 dial snap gauge 卡規(guī) 
digital micrometer 數(shù)位式測微計 feeler gauge 測隙規(guī) 
gauge plate 量規(guī)定位板 height gauge 測高規(guī) 
inside calipers 誑ㄇ?inside micrometer 內(nèi)分??卡 
interferometer 干涉儀 leveling block 平臺 
limit gauge 限規(guī) micrometer 測微計 
mil 千分之一寸 monometer 壓力計 
morse taper gauge 莫氏錐度量規(guī) nonius 游標卡尺 
optical flat 光學平晶 optical parallel 光學平行 
passimeter 內(nèi)徑儀 position scale 位置刻度 
profile projector 輪廓光學投影儀 protractor 分角器 
radius 半徑 ring gauge 環(huán)規(guī) 
sine bar 正弦量規(guī) snap gauge 卡模 
square master 直角尺 stylus 觸針 
telescopic gauge 伸縮性量規(guī) working gauge 工作量規(guī)

模具鋼材 
alloy tool steel 合金工具鋼 aluminium alloy 鋁合金鋼 
bearing alloy 軸承合金 blister steel 浸碳鋼 
bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蝕鋼板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具鋼 
clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷鍛模用鋼 
emery 金鋼砂 ferrostatic pressure 鋼鐵水靜壓力 
forging die steel 鍛造模用鋼 galvanized steel sheet 鍍鋅鐵板 
hard alloy steel 超硬合金鋼 high speed tool steel 高速度工具鋼 
hot work die steel 熱鍛模用鋼 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具鋼 
low manganese casting steel 低錳鑄鋼 marging steel 馬式體高強度熱處理鋼 
martrix alloy 馬特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米漢納鑄鋼 
meehanite metal 米漢納鐵 merchant iron 市售鋼材 
molybdenum high speed steel 鉬系高速鋼 molybdenum steel 鉬鋼 
nickel chromium steel 鎳鉻鋼 prehardened steel 頂硬鋼 
silicon steel sheet 矽鋼板 stainless steel 不銹鋼 
tin plated steel sheet 鍍錫鐵板 tough pitch copper 韌銅 
troostite 吐粒散鐵 tungsten steel ?鋼 
vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑膠覆面鋼板

表面處理關(guān)連用語 
age hardening 時效硬化 ageing 老化處理 
air hardening 氣體硬化 air patenting 空氣韌化 
annealing 退火 anode effect 陽極效應(yīng) 
anodizing 陽極氧化處理 atomloy treatment 阿托木洛伊表面 
austempering 奧氏體等溫淬火 austenite 奧斯田體/奧氏體 
bainite 貝氏體 banded structure 條紋狀組織 
barrel plating 滾鍍 barrel tumbling 滾筒打光 
blackening 染黑法 blue shortness 青熟脆性 
bonderizing 磷酸鹽皮膜處理 box annealing 箱型退火 
box carburizing 封箱滲碳 bright electroplating 輝面電鍍 
bright heat treatment 光輝熱處理 bypass heat treatment 旁路熱處理 
carbide 炭化物 carburized case depth 浸碳硬化深層 
carburizing 滲碳 cementite 炭化鐵 
chemical plating 化學電鍍 chemical vapor deposition 化學蒸鍍 
coarsening 結(jié)晶粒粗大化 coating 涂布被覆 
cold shortness 低溫脆性 comemtite 滲碳體 
controlled atmosphere 大氣熱處理 corner effect 銳角效應(yīng) 
creeping discharge 蠕緩放電 decarburization 脫碳處理 
decarburizing 脫碳退火 depth of hardening 硬化深層 
diffusion 擴散 diffusion annealing 擴散退火 
electrolytic hardening 電解淬火 embossing 壓花 
etching 表面蝕刻 ferrite 肥粒鐵 
first stage annealing 第一段退火 flame hardening 火焰硬化 
flame treatment 火焰處理 full annealing 完全退火 
gaseous cyaniding 氣體氧化法 globular cementite 球狀炭化鐵 
grain size 結(jié)晶粒度 granolite treatment 磷酸溶液熱處理 
graphitizing 石墨退火 hardenability 硬化性 
hardenability curve 硬化性曲線 hardening 硬化 
heat treatment 熱處理 hot bath quenching 熱浴淬火 
hot dipping 熱浸鍍 induction hardening 高周波硬化 
ion carbonitriding 離子滲碳氮化 ion carburizing 離子滲碳處理 
ion plating 離子電鍍 isothermal annealing 等溫退火 
liquid honing 液體噴砂法 low temperature annealing 低溫退火 
malleablizing 可鍛化退火 martempering 麻回火處理 
martensite 馬氏體/硬化鐵炭 metallikon 金屬噴鍍法 
metallizing 真空涂膜 nitriding 氮化處理 
nitrocarburizing 軟氮化 normalizing 正常化 
oil quenching 油淬化 overageing 過老化 
overheating 過熱 pearlite 針尖組織 
phosphating 磷酸鹽皮膜處理 physical vapor deposition 物理蒸鍍 
plasma nitriding 離子氮化 pre-annealing 預(yù)備退火 
precipitation 析出 precipitation hardening 析出硬化 
press quenching 加壓硬化 process annealing 制程退火 
quench ageing 淬火老化 quench hardening 淬火 
quenching crack 淬火裂痕 quenching distortion 淬火變形 
quenching stress 淬火應(yīng)力 reconditioning 再調(diào)質(zhì) 
recrystallization 再結(jié)晶 red shortness 紅熱脆性 
residual stress 殘留應(yīng)力 retained austenite 殘留奧 
rust prevention 防蝕 salt bath quenching 鹽浴淬火 
sand blast 噴砂處理 seasoning 時效處理 
second stage annealing 第二段退火 secular distortion 經(jīng)年變形 
segregation 偏析 selective hardening 部分淬火 
shot blast 噴丸處理 shot peening 珠擊法 
single stage nitriding 等溫滲氮 sintering 燒結(jié)處理 
soaking 均熱處理 softening 軟化退火 
solution treatment 固溶化熱處理 spheroidizing 球狀化退火 
stabilizing treatment 安定化處理 straightening annealing 矯直退火 
strain ageing 應(yīng)變老化 stress relieving annealing 應(yīng)力消除退火 
subzero treatment 生冷處理 supercooling 過冷 
surface hardening 表面硬化處理 temper brittleness 回火脆性 
temper colour 回火顏色 tempering 回火 
tempering crack 回火裂痕 texture 咬花 
thermal refining 調(diào)質(zhì)處理 thermoechanical treatment 加工熱處理 
time quenching 時間淬火 transformation 變態(tài) 
tufftride process 軟氮化處理 under annealing 不完全退火 
vacuum carbonitriding 真空滲碳氮化 vacuum carburizing 真空滲碳處理 
vacuum hardening 真空淬火 vacuum heat treatment 真空熱處理 
vacuum nitriding 真空氮化 water quenching 水淬火 
wetout 浸潤處理

焊接用語 
acetylene 乙炔 ampere 電流安培 
angle welding 角焊 arc 電弧 
argon arc welding 氬弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接條 
butt welding 對接焊接 camber 電弧彎曲 
cascade 階疊熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 
crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金屬 
filler rod 焊條 fillet weld 填角焊接 
gas shield 氣體遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 
jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接 
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 點焊熔核 
overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠擊熔接法 
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 
pressure welding 壓焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷氣切割 
pure nickel electrode 純鎳熔接條 reinforcement of weld 加強焊接 
resist 抗蝕護膜 root running 背面熔接 
seam 焊縫 seaming 接合 
seam welding 流縫熔接 series seam welding 串聯(lián)縫熔接 
skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花 
spot welding 點焊接 stitch welding 針角焊接 
stud arc welding 電弧焊接 under laying 下部焊層 
void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 
weld flush 焊縫凸起 weld line 焊接紋 
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 
weld zone 焊接區(qū) welding 焊接 
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 
welding distortion 焊接變形 welding flux 焊劑 
welding ground 電熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 
welding stress 熔接應(yīng)變 welding torch 熔接氣炬

射出成形關(guān)聯(lián)用語 
activator 活化劑 bag moulding 氣胎施壓成形 
bonding strength 黏合強度 breathing 排氣 
caulking compound 填隙料 cell 氣孔 
cold slug 半凝式射出 colorant 著色劑 
color matching 調(diào)色 color masterbatch 色母料 
compound 混合料 copolymer 共聚合體 
cull 殘料廢品 cure 凝固化 
cryptometer 不透明度儀 daylight 開隙 
dry cycle time 空料試車周期時間 ductility 延性 
elastomer 彈性體 extruded bead sealing 壓出粒涂層法 
feed 供料 filler 充填劑 
film blowing 薄膜吹制法 floating platen 活動模板 
foaming agent 發(fā)泡劑 gloss 光澤 
granule 顆粒料 gunk 料斗 
hot mark 熱斑 hot stamping 燙印 
injection nozzle 射出噴嘴 injection plunger 射出柱塞 
injection ram 射出沖柱 isomer 同分異構(gòu)物 
kneader 混合機 leveling agent 勻涂劑 
lubricant 潤滑劑 matched die method 配合成形法 
mould clamping force 鎖模力 mould release agent 脫模劑 
nozzle 噴嘴 oriented film 取向薄膜 
parison 吹氣成形壞料 pellet 粒料 
plasticizer 可塑劑 plunger 壓料柱塞 
porosity 孔隙率 post cure 後固化 
premix 預(yù)混料 purging 清除 
reciprocating screw 往復螺桿 resilience 回彈性 
resin injection 樹脂射出法 rheology 流變學 
sheet 塑膠片 shot 注射 
shot cycle 射出循環(huán) slip agent 光滑劑 
take out device 取料裝置 tie bar 拉桿 
toggle type mould clamping system 肘桿式鎖模裝置 
torpedo spreader 魚雷形分流板 transparency 透明性 
void content 空洞率

塑膠原料 
acrylic 壓克力 casein 酪素 
cellulose acetate 醋酸纖維素CA cellulose acetate butyrate 醋酸丁酸纖維素CAB 
composite material 復合材料 cresol resin 甲酚樹脂CF 
dially phthalate 苯二甲酸二烯丙酯 disperse reinforcement 分散性強化復合材料 
engineering plastics 工程塑膠 epoxy resin 環(huán)氧樹脂EP 
ethyl cellulose 乙基纖維素 ethylene vinylacetate copolymer 乙烯-醋酸乙烯EVA 
ethylene-vinlacetate copolyme 醋酸乙烯共聚物EVA expanded polystyrene 
?泡聚苯乙烯EPS 
fiber reinforcement 纖維強化熱固性/纖維強化復合材料 
high density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯HDPE 
high impact polystyrene 高沖擊聚苯乙烯HIPS 
high impact polystyrene rigidity 高沖擊性聚苯乙烯 
low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯LDPE melamine resin 三聚氰胺酚醛樹脂MF 
nitrocellulose 硝酸纖維素 phenolic resin 酚醛樹脂 
plastic 塑膠 polyacrylic acid 聚丙烯酸PAP 
polyamide 耐龍PA polybutyleneterephthalate 聚對苯二甲酸丁酯PBT 
polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PC polyethyleneglycol 聚乙二醇PFG 
polyethyleneoxide 聚氧化乙烯PEO polyethyleneterephthalate 聚乙醇對苯PETP 
polymetylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMMA polyoxymethylene 聚縮醛POM 
polyphenylene oxide 聚硫化亞苯 polyphenyleneoxide 聚苯醚PPO 
polypropylene 聚丙烯PP polystyrene 聚苯乙烯PS 
polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯 
polythene 聚乙烯PE polyurethane 聚氨基甲酸酯PU 
polyvinylacetate 聚醋酸乙烯PVAC polyvinylalcohol 聚乙烯醇PVA 
polyvinylbutyral 聚乙烯醇縮丁醛PVB polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯PVC 
polyvinylfuoride 聚氟乙烯PVF polyvinylidenechloride 聚偏二氯乙烯PVDC 
prepolymer 預(yù)聚物 silicone resin 矽樹脂 
thermoplastic 熱塑性 thermosetting 熱固性 
thermosetting plastic 塑膠 unsaturated polyester 不飽和聚酯樹脂

成形不良用語 
aberration 色差 atomization ?化 
bank mark ?料紋 bite 咬入 
blacking hole 涂料孔(鑄疵) blacking scab 涂料疤 
blister 起泡 blooming 起霜 
blow hole 破孔 blushing 泛白 
body wrinkle 側(cè)壁皺紋 breaking-in 冒口帶肉 
bubble 膜泡 burn mark 糊斑 
burr 毛邊 camber 翹曲 
cell 氣泡 center buckle 表面中部波皺 
check 細裂痕 checking 龜裂 
chipping 修整表面缺陷 clamp-off 鑄件凹痕 
collapse 塌陷 color mottle 色斑 
corrosion 腐蝕 crack 裂痕 
crazing 碎裂 crazing 龜裂 
deformation 變形 edge 切邊碎片 
edge crack 裂邊 fading 退色 
filler speak 填充料斑 fissure 裂紋 
flange wrinkle 凸緣起皺 flaw 刮傷 
flow mark 流痕 galling 毛邊 
glazing 光滑 gloss 光澤 
grease pits 污斑 grinding defect 磨痕 
haircrack 發(fā)裂 haze 霧度 
incrustation 水銹 indentation 壓痕 
internal porosity 內(nèi)部氣孔 mismatch 偏模 
mottle 斑點 necking 縮頸 
nick 割痕 orange peel 橘皮狀表面缺陷 
overflow 溢流 peeling 剝離 
pit 坑 pitting corrosion 點狀腐蝕 
plate mark 模板印痕 pock 麻點 
pock mark 痘斑 resin streak 樹脂流紋 
resin wear 樹脂脫落 riding 凹陷 
sagging 松垂 saponification 皂化 
scar 疤痕 scrap 廢料 
scrap jam 廢料阻塞 scratch 刮傷/劃痕 
scuffing 深沖表面劃傷 seam 裂痕 
shock line ?？跀D痕 short shot 充填不足 
shrinkage pool 凹孔 sink mark 凹痕 
skin inclusion 表皮摺疊 straightening 矯直 
streak 條狀痕 surface check 表面裂痕 
surface roughening 橘皮狀表皮皺摺 surging 波動 
sweat out 冒汗 torsion 扭曲 
warpage 翹曲 waviness 波痕 
webbing 熔塌 weld mark 焊痕 
whitening 白化 wrinkle 皺紋

模具常用刀具與工作法用語 
adjustable spanner 活動扳手 angle cutter 角銑刀 
anvil 鐵? arbour 心軸 
backing 襯墊 belt sander 帶式打磨機 
buffing 拋光 chamfering machine 倒角機 
chamfering tool 去角刀具 chisel 扁鏨 
chuck 夾具 compass 兩角規(guī) 
concave cutter 凹面銑刀 convex cutter 凸形銑刀 
cross joint 十字接頭 cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角 
drill stand 鉆臺 edge file 刃用銼刀 
file 銼刀 flange joint 凸緣接頭 
grinder 砂輪機 hammer 鐵錘 
hand brace 手搖鉆 hatching 剖面線 
hexagon headed bolt 六角頭螺栓 hexagon nut 六角螺帽 
index head 分度頭 jack 千斤頂 
jig 治具 kit 工具箱 
lapping 研磨 metal saw 金工鋸 
nose angle 刀角 pinchers 鉗子 
pliers 鋏鉗 plug 柱塞頭 
polisher 磨光器 protable driller 手提鉆孔機 
punch 沖頭 sand paper 砂紙 
scraper 刮刀 screw driver 螺絲起子 
scribing 劃線 second out file 中紋銼 
spanner 扳手 spline broach 方栓槽拉刀 
square 直角尺 square sleeker 方形鏝刀 
square trowel 直角度 stripping 剝離工具 
T-slot T形槽 tool for lathe 車刀 
tool point angle 刀刃角 tool post 刀架 
tosecan 劃線盤 trimming 去毛邊 
waffle die flattening 壓紋效平 wiper 脫模鉗 
wrench 螺旋扳手

電腦關(guān)聯(lián)用語 
3D modeling 三次元模擬 access 通路 
animation 卡通影片 application 應(yīng)用 
board 基板 bug 故障 
bus 匯流排 CAD 電腦輔助設(shè)計 
CAE 電腦輔助工程分析 CAM 電腦輔助制造 
cassette 卡座 color display 彩色顯示器 
command 指令 communication 通信 
compact 精簡小型 computer 電腦 
copy 復制 cursor 游標 
curve modeling 曲面模擬 database 資料庫 
design 設(shè)計 digitizing 數(shù)位化 
disk 磁碟 dot 點 
eyelet 眼孔 floppy 磁碟片 
format 格式化 graphic 圓解 
hardware 硬體 honeycomb 蜂巢 
interface 界面 know how 秘訣 
laser printer 雷射印表機 lay out 布置 
memory 記憶 memory swap 交換記憶 
microprocessor 微處理器 modeling 造型 
module 模組 monitor 螢?zāi)?nbsp;
mouse 滑鼠 need 需求 
network 網(wǎng)路 new version 新版 
on line 上線中 option 選擇 
PC 個人電腦 plotter 繪圖機 
program 程式 scanning 掃描 
simulation 模擬 software 軟體 
solid model 實體模型 system 系統(tǒng) 
tape 磁帶 terminal 終端機 
texture 構(gòu)造 trim 修邊 
venter 排氣風扇 word processor 文書處理器

各種沖模加工關(guān)連用語 
barreling 滾光加工 belling 壓凸加工 
bending 彎曲加工 blanking 下料加工 
bulging 撐壓加工 burring 沖緣加工 
cam die bending 凸輪彎曲加工 caulking ?合加工 
coining 壓印加工 compressing 壓縮加工 
compression bending 押彎曲加工 crowning 凸面加工 
curl bending 卷邊彎曲加工 curling 卷曲加工 
cutting 切削加工 dinking 切斷蕊骨 
double shearing 疊板裁斷 drawing 引伸加工 
drawing with ironing 抽引光滑加工 embossing 浮花壓制加工 
extrusion 擠制加工 filing 銼削加工 
fine blanking 精密下料加工 finish blanking 光制下料加工 
finishing 精整加工 flanging 凸緣加工 
folding 折邊彎曲加工 folding 摺疊加工 
forming 成形加工 impact extrusion 沖擊擠壓加工 
indenting 壓痕加工 ironing 引縮加工 
knurling 滾花 lock seaming 固定接合 
louvering 百葉窗板加工 marking 刻印加工 
necking 頸縮加工 notching 沖口加工 
parting 分斷加工 piercing 沖孔加工 
progressive bending 連續(xù)彎曲加工 progressive blanking 連續(xù)下料加工 
progressive drawing 連續(xù)引伸加工 progressive forming 連續(xù)成形加工 
reaming 鉸孔加工 restriking 二次精沖加工 
riveting ?接加工 roll bending 滾筒彎曲加工 
roll finishing 滾壓加工 rolling 壓延加工 
roughing 粗加工 scrapless machining 無廢料加工 
seaming 折彎重疊加工 shaving 缺口修整加工 
shearing 切斷加工 sizing 精壓加工/矯正加工 
slitting 割縫加工 spinning 卷邊?接 
staking ?固 stamping 鍛壓加工 
swaging 擠鍛壓加工 trimming 整緣加工 
upsetting 鍛粗加工 wiring 抽線加工

沖壓機械及周邊關(guān)連用語 
back shaft 支撐軸 blank determination 胚料展開 
bottom slide press 下傳動式壓力機 board drop hammer 板落錘 
brake 煞車 buckle 剝砂面 
camlachie cramp 鑄包 casting on flat ?合 
chamotte sand 燒磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗 
clearance 間隙 closed-die forging 合模鍛造 
clump 夾緊 clutch 離合器 
clutch brake 離合器制動器 clutch boss 離合器輪殼 
clutch lining 離合器覆蓋 coil car 帶卷升降運輸機 
coil cradle 卷材進料裝置 coil reel stand 鋼材卷料架 
column 圓柱 connection screw 連桿調(diào)節(jié)螺釘 
core compound 砂心黏結(jié)劑 counter blow hammer 對擊鍛錘 
cradle 送料架 crank 曲柄軸 
crankless 無曲柄式 cross crank 橫向曲軸 
cushion 緩沖 depression 外縮凹孔 
dial feed 分度送料 die approach ?？诮嵌?nbsp;
die assembly 合模 die cushion 模具緩沖墊 
die height 沖壓閉合高度 die life 模具壽命 
die opening 母模逃孔 die spotting press 調(diào)整沖模用壓力機 
double crank press 雙曲柄軸沖床 draght angle 逃料傾斜角 
edging 邊鍛伸 embedded core 加裝砂心 
feed length 送料長度 feed level 送料高度 
filling core 埋入砂心 filling in 填砂 
film play 液面花紋 fine blanking press 精密下料沖床 
forging roll 輥鍛機 finishing slag 煉後熔渣 
fly wheel 飛輪 fly wheel brake 飛輪制動器 
foot press 腳踏沖床 formboard 進模口板 
frame 床身機架 friction 摩擦 
friction brake 摩擦煞車 gap shear 凹口剪床 
gear 齒輪 gib 滑塊引導部 
gripper 夾具 gripper feed 夾持進料 
gripper feeder 夾緊傳送裝置 hammer 槌機 
hand press 手動沖床 hand rack pinion press 手動齒輪齒條式?jīng)_床 
hand screw press 手動螺旋式?jīng)_床 hopper feed 料斗送料 
idle stage 空站 inching 微調(diào)尺寸 
isothermal forging 恒溫鍛造 key clutch 鍵槽離合器 
knockout 脫模裝置 knuckle mechanic 轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu) 
land 模具直線刀面部 level 水平 
loader 供料器 unloader 卸料機 
loop controller 閉回路控制器 lower die 下模 
micro inching device 微寸動裝置 microinching equipment 微動裝置 
motor 馬達 moving bolster 活動工作臺 
notching press 沖缺口壓力機 opening 排料逃孔 
overload protection device 防超載裝置 pinch roll 導正滾輪 
pinion 小齒輪 pitch 節(jié)距 
pressfit 壓入 progressive 連續(xù)送料 
pusher feed 推桿式送料 pusher feeder 料片押片裝置 
quick die change system 快速換模系統(tǒng) regrinding 再次研磨 
releasing 松釋動作 reversed blanking 反轉(zhuǎn)下料 
robot 機器人 roll forming machine 輥軋成形 
roll forming machine 輥軋成形機 roll release 脫輥 
roller feed 輥式送料 roller leveler 輥式矯直機 
rotary bender 卷彎成形機 safety guard 安全保護裝置 
scrap cutter 廢料切刀 scrap press 廢料沖床 
seamless forging 無縫鍛造 separate 分離 
shave 崩砂 shear angle 剪角 
sheet loader 薄板裝料機 shot 單行程工作 
shrinkage fit 收縮配合 shut height 閉合高度 
sieve mesh 篩孔 sintering of sand 鑄砂燒貼 
slide balancer 滑動平衡器 slug hole 逃料孔 
spin forming machine 旋壓成形機 spotting 合模 
stack feeder 堆疊撥送料機 stickness 黏模性 
straight side frame 沖床側(cè)板 stretcher leveler 拉伸矯直機 
strip feeder 料材送料裝置 stripping pressure 彈出壓力 
stroke 沖程 take out device 取料裝置 
toggle press 肘桿式壓力機 transfer 傳送 
transfer feed 連續(xù)自動送料裝置 turrent punch press 轉(zhuǎn)塔沖床 
two speed clutch 雙速離合器 uncoiler 閉卷送料機 
unloader 卸載機 vibration feeder 振動送料機 
wiring press 嵌線卷邊機

線切割放電加工關(guān)連用語 
abnormal glow 不規(guī)則輝光放電 arc discharge 電弧放電 
belt 皮帶 centreless 無心 
chrome bronze 銘銅 clearance angle 後角 
corner shear drop 直角壓陷 deflection 橈曲度 
discharge energy 放電能量 dressing 修整 
dwell 保壓 flange 凸緣 
gap 間隙 graphite 石墨 
graphite contraction allowance 電極縮小余量 graphite holder 電極夾座 
hair crack 發(fā)裂 horn 電極臂 
jump 跳刀 magnetic base 磁性座 
master graphite 標準電極 pipe graphite 管狀電極 
pulse 脈沖 rib working 肋部加工 
roller electrode 滾輪式電極 rotary surface 旋轉(zhuǎn)面 
shank 柄部 sharp edge 銳角部 
tough bronze 韌銅 traverse 搖臂 
tungsten bronze ?青銅 waviness 波形起伏 
work 工件 working allowance 加工余量 
working dischard 加工廢料

鍛鑄造關(guān)連用語 
accretion 爐瘤 acid converter 酸性轉(zhuǎn)爐 
acid lining cupola 酸性熔鐵爐 acid open-hearth furnace 酸性平爐 
aerator 松砂機 air set mold 常溫自硬鑄模 
airless blasting cleaning 離心噴光 all core molding 集合式鑄模 
all round die holder 通用模座 assembly mark 鑄造合模記號 
back pouring 補澆注 backing sand 背砂 
base bullion 粗金屬錠 base permeability 原砂透氣度 
belling 壓凸 billet 壞料 
bleed 漏鑄 blocker 預(yù)鍛模膛 
blocking 粗胚鍛件 blow hole 鑄件氣孔 
board drop hammer 板落錘 bottom pour mold 底澆 
bottom pouring 底注 boxless mold 脫箱砂模 
break-off core 縮頸砂心 brick molding 砌箱造模法 
buckle 剝砂面 camber 錯箱 
camlachie cramp 鑄包 cast blade 鑄造葉片 
casting flange 鑄造凸緣 casting on flat 水平鑄造 
chamotte sand 燒磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗 
cleaning of casting 鑄件清理 closed-die forging 合模鍛造 
core compound 砂心黏結(jié)劑 core template 砂心模板 
core vent 砂蕊排氣孔 corner gate 壓邊澆口 
counter blow hammer 對擊鍛造 counter lock 止口鑲嵌方式 
depression 外縮凹孔 die approach ?？诮嵌?nbsp;
draw out 鍛造拔長 draw plate 起模板 
draw spike 起模長針 dummying 預(yù)鍛 
embedded core 加裝砂心 erosion 沖砂 
fettling 鑄件清理 filling core 埋入砂心 
filling in 填砂 film play 液面花紋 
finishing slag 煉後熔渣 flash gutter 鍛模飛邊槽 
flask molding 砂箱造模 forging roll 輥鍛機 
formboard 進模口板 gutter 鍛模飛邊槽 
hammer man 鍛工 heading machine 頂鐓機 
impacter 臥式鍛造機 inblock cast 整體鑄造 
ingot 鑄錠 ingot blank 鑄坯 
inlay casting 鑲鑄法 investment casting 失模鑄造 
isothermal forging 恒溫鍛造 loose piece 木?；顗K 
molding pit 鑄模地坑 pouring process 澆注法 
recasting 重鑄 roll forging 軋鍛 
rolled surface 軋制表面 rough sand 粗砂 
roughing forge 粗鍛 sand crushing 塌箱 
seamless forging 無縫鍛造 separate 分離 
shave 崩砂 shrinkage fit 收縮配合 
shut height 閉合高度 sieve mesh 篩孔 
sintering of sand 鑄砂燒貼 slag 熔渣 
slag inclusion 夾渣 stickness 黏模性 
strip layout 帶狀胚料排樣法 tap casting 頂注 
top gate 頂注澆口 unworked casting 不加工鑄件 
upender 翻轉(zhuǎn)裝置 upending 頂鍛 
uphill casting 底鑄 white cast iron 白口鑄件

模具加工方法 
barrel 滾筒(加工) bending 波紋加工 
broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心 
cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圓車削 
electric discharge machine 放電加工 electrolytic grinding 電解研磨 
embossing 壓花加工 facing 面車削 
filing 銼刀修潤 hand finishing 手工修潤 
hemming 卷邊加工 hobbing 滾齒加工 
joggling 搖動加工 lapping 拋光/研磨修潤 
laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 車床車削 
planning 刨削加工 polishing 拋亮光 
reaming 鉸孔修潤 rough machining 粗切削 
rounding 圓形加工 sawing 鋸削 
scaling 清除鋼碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工 
skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切縫切削 
taper turning 錐度車削 thread cutting 螺紋切削 
ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆銑加工

學理實驗與試驗用語 
air permeability test 透氣性試驗 austenitic steel 沃斯田鐵鋼 
brinell hardness 布耐內(nèi)爾硬度 brinell hardness test 布氏硬度試驗 
charpy impact test 夏比沖擊試驗 conical cup test 圓錐杯突試驗 
cup flow test 杯模式流動度試驗 dart drop impact test 落錘沖擊試驗 
Elmendorf test 埃羅門多撕裂強度試驗 environmental stress cracking test 
環(huán)境應(yīng)力龜裂試驗 
ericessen test 埃留伸薄板拉伸試驗 falling ball impact test 落球沖擊試驗 
fatigue test 疲勞試驗 ferrite 純鐵體 
gantt chart 甘特圖 heat cycle test 熱循環(huán)試驗 
histogram 柱狀圖 hot bend test 熱彎試驗 
izod impact test 埃左德沖擊試驗 loop tenacity 環(huán)結(jié)強度 
martens heat distortion temperature test 馬頓斯耐熱試驗 
martensite 馬氏體 mullen bursting strength tester 密廉式破裂強度試驗機 
nol ring test 諾爾環(huán)試驗 normal distribution 常態(tài)分配 
ozone resistance test 抗臭氧試驗 pareto diagram 柏拉圖 
peeling test 剝離試驗 pinhole test 針孔試驗機 
rattler test 磨耗試驗 rockweel hardness test 洛氏硬度試驗 
rockweel hardness 洛氏威爾硬度 rolinx process 羅林克斯射出壓縮成形法 
rossi-peakes flow test 羅西皮克斯流動試驗 sampling inspection 抽樣檢查 
scratch hardness 抗刮硬度 shore hardness 蕭氏硬度 
spiral flow test 螺旋流動試驗 surface abrasion test 表面磨耗試驗 
taber abraser 泰伯磨耗試驗機 tensile impact test 拉伸沖擊試驗 
tensile strength 抗拉強度 tension test 張力試驗 
thermal shock test 冷熱劇變試驗 torsion test 扭曲試驗 
ubbelohde viscometer 烏別洛德黏度計 vicat indentation test 維卡針壓陷試驗 
Vickers hardness test 維氏硬度試驗 warpage test 翹曲試驗 
weatherometer 人工老化試驗機 weissenberg effect 威森伯格回轉(zhuǎn)效應(yīng)

砂輪用語 
abrasive 砂輪 Al2O3 氧化鋁 
balance 平衡 bond 結(jié)合 
borazon 氧化硼立方晶 buffing wheel 拋光布輪 
diamond 鉆石 dresser 砂輪整修機 
dressing 修整 endless grinding belt 循環(huán)式研磨帶 
finishing allowance 加工余量 grain 磨粒 
grinding disc 研磨盤 jamp up 孔眼堵塞 
mesh 網(wǎng)篩目 parameter 參數(shù) 
resinoid grinding wheel 半樹脂型砂輪 slitting 切縫量 
vitrified 陶瓷的 wheel 旋轉(zhuǎn)

機械設(shè)計及周邊其他用語 
assembly drawing 裝配圖 auto tool change cycle 自動換刀時間周期 
beam 橫梁 bending moment 彎矩 
bending stress 彎曲應(yīng)力 bottoming 底靠 
buckling 縱彎曲 chamfering 去角斜切 
channel 凹槽 chattering 顫動 
check point 查核點 chip 切屑 
chip conveyor 排屑輸送機 coefficient of friction 摩擦系數(shù) 
compact 小型的 cooling pipe 冷卻管 
coupon 試樣胚 deflection 撓曲量 
distortion 扭曲變形 draft taper 拔模錐度 
draw out 拉拔 fit tolerance 配合公差 
flexible rigidity 彎曲剛性 gas vent 氣孔 
hatching 剖面線 heater cooler 加熱器冷卻裝置 
hook cavity 鉤穴 inching 寸動 
lug 凸緣 maintenance 維修保固 
metallurgy 冶金學 notch effect 切口效果 
out of roughness 真圓度 performance 動作性能 
pit 坑 plane strain 倒角應(yīng)力 
plug mill 蕊棒軋管機 
repeated load 重覆載荷 
riveted joint ?釘接合 
sand paper 砂紙 
shift 偏移 
shrink fit 熱壓配合 
shrinkage hole 縮孔 
sinking 凹陷 
sketch 草圖 
spalling 剝落 
straightness 直度 
submarine 深陷式 
surface roughness 表面粗度 
tapping 攻螺絲 
thermocouple 熱電耦 
torsion load 扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷 
toughness 韌性 
tracing 描圖 
under cut 凹割

3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 
3D modeling 三次元模擬 
aberration 色差 
abnormal glow 不規(guī)則輝光放電 
abrasive 砂輪 
access 通路 
account 帳戶 
accretion 爐瘤 
accurate die casting 精密壓鑄 
acid converter 酸性轉(zhuǎn)爐 
acid lining cupola 酸性熔鐵爐 
acid open-hearth furnance 酸性平爐 
activator 活化劑 
acetylene 乙炔 
adjustable spanner 活動扳手 
aerator 松砂機 
after service 售後服務(wù) 
age hardening 時效硬化 
ageing 老化處理 
air hardening 氣體硬化 
airless plasting cleaning 離心噴光 
air patenting 空氣韌化 
air permeability test 透氣性試驗 
air set mold 常溫自硬鑄模 
air vent valve 通氣閥 
all core molding 集合式鑄模 
alloy tool steel 合金工具鋼 
allround die holder 通用模型 
aluminium alloy 鋁合金鋼 
amendment 修正 
ampere 電流安培 
anchor pin 錨梢 
angle cutter 角銑刀 
angle welding 角焊 
angular pin 角梢 
angular pin 傾斜梢 
animation 卡通影片 
anode effect 陽極效應(yīng) 
annealing 退火

acetylene 乙炔 ampere 電流安培 
angle welding 角焊 arc 電弧 
argon arc welding 氬弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接條 
butt welding 對接焊接 camber 電弧彎曲 
cascade 階疊熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 
crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金屬 
filler rod 焊條 fillet weld 填角焊接 
gas shield 氣體遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 
jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接 
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 點焊熔核 
overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠擊熔接法 
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 
pressure welding 壓焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷氣切割 
pure nickel electrode 純鎳熔接條 reinforcement of weld 加強焊接 
resist 抗蝕護膜 root running 背面熔接 
seam 焊縫 seaming 接合 
seam welding 流縫熔接 series seam welding 串聯(lián)縫熔接 
skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花 
spot welding 點焊接 stitch welding 針角焊接 
stud arc welding 電弧焊接 under laying 下部焊層 
void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 
weld flush 焊縫凸起 weld line 焊接紋 
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 
weld zone 焊接區(qū) welding 焊接 
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 
welding distortion 焊接變形 welding flux 焊劑 
welding ground 電熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 
welding stress 熔接應(yīng)變 welding

中英文汽車技術(shù)詞典語料庫WORD可下載版